Volume 8, No. 2.2Scholar : National School of Leadership

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genetic material. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutations, or viruses, or by cellular processes, such as hyper mutation. In multicellular organisms with dedicated reproductive cells, mutations can be divided into germ line mutations, which can be passed on to offspring via reproductive cells, and somatic mutations, which involve cells outside a specific reproductive group and are not usually transmitted to offspring. In this work the organism producing amylase was isolated from the soil and identified based on morphological and biochemical experiments.Temperature of various carbon and nitrogen sources, pH changes in amylase production. By using UV, edium bromide and nitrosoquanidine the organism becomes mutated and the amylase production is checked, the genetic DNA mutation is checked and the amylase-producing genes are amplified by PCR.

A protocol for in vitro propagation and conservation was developed for Swertia chirayita, an endangered medicinal plant. The sterilized explants (leaves) cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 3.0 mg/l BA gave best results for in vitro callus induction. Shoot regeneration was obtained from the callus on the same medium. The in vitro shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l Kinetin gave best results for in vitro shoot multiplication. The MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 3.0 mg/l BA medium was found to be the best for direct shoot regeneration from in vitro leaves. 80.30% root induction from in vitro grown shoots was obtained on half strength MS medium supplemented with 400 mg/l activated charcoal and 0.1 mg/l NAA. In vitro conservation was carried out by using two different approaches namely slow growth by changing media composition (sucrose and abscisic acid), at low temperature and cryopreservation following vitrification.With increase in concentration of sucrose and ABA decrease in growth of in vitro shoots was observed. No shoot multiplication with average leaf size of 0.35 cm and shoot length 0.67 cm was observed on half MS containing 90 g/l sucrose. Similarily, in case of media containing half strength MS salts and 3.0 mg/l ABA showed no shoot multiplication,0.83 cm average leaf size and 0.83 cm shoot length. At low temperature the in vitro shoots incubated at 4o C, showed 100% retrieval, with 1.00 cm average number of shoots, 0.86 cm shoot length and 0.34 cm leaf size. In vitro shoots incubated at 10o C, showed 100% retrieval, with 1.00 cm average number of shoots, 0.76 cm shoot length and 0.23 cm leaf size. During studies the vitrified shoot gave retrieval of 42.33% when precooled at 4o C while only 22.37% vitrified shoots were retrieved from those precooled at 10o C.

The great nutritional importance in food is amino acids. In general, serious problems of food and nutrition deficiencies of the world at present is confronted. Researchers to search for unconventionally sources of proteins and amino acids in increased demand of proteins .some devastating biotic invasions are facilitated by microbial symbionts are the growing evidence . Bacterial community structure within the betel was isolated and its metabolites were evaluated. In this study the aminoacid, organic acid and indole acetic acid producing capacity of several bacterial strains were tested and Streptomyces species was found to be novel isolates. Isolation and occurrence of Streptomyces species in betelis first time reported in this study and also found to be three different amino acid producer. The present study concludes that the isolated microbial strain can be used for the production of amino acids at very economical rates followed by optimizing natural sources

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is unique to each individual and will remain unchanged for a lifetime as it follows the rules of the Mendelian lineage. However DNA analysis is a widely accepted technique for individual identification. Extracting and isolating DNA from ancient bone samples and mutilated body parts is an even more difficult and challenging task for the forensic scientist. But newer technology, such as nanotechnology, will help to analyze such models for DNA. Therefore, in this research paper we have shortlisted some research papers that used different nanoparticles to extract DNA. The different nanoparticles used for DNA extraction were cited and briefly explained.

Halophilic bacteria are organisms which inhabit the salt-rich environment were isolated and characterized by conventional and molecular methods. Sediment samples were collected from four thoothukudi salt pan, Tamil Nadu. Totally, 4 halophilic bacteria were isolated and their colony characteristics were recorded. The results of biochemical tests are in accordance with Bacillus sp. Halobacterium salinarum , E.coli and Staphylococcus citreus were identified based on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization.. In this present study, we have screened moderate Halophilic bacteria for L-asparaginase production ability and showed that intra- and extracellular L-asparaginas was produced by Halophilic bacteria. The isolate T2 identified as Halobacterium salinarum only strain found to L asparaginase producer and enzyme assay was increased 34U to 82 U followed by immobilization with alginate and chitosan mixture. The total protein was also recorded higher in immobilized cell culture. It concludes that chitosan was best natural polymer effectively entrap the cells either alone or with alginate and improve the efficiency of cells.
Key words: Halobacterium salinarum, L Asparaginase, Immobilization,

Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is one of the most common environmental metal containment released primarily from industries such as leather tanning, metal plating, alloying, wood preservation and electroplating. Chromium (VI) is known to be highly toxic, mutagenic & carcinogenic to living organisms including mammals. Biosorption is potentially cost effective way to remove toxic heavy metals from industrial waste waters. The present study was planned to evaluate the heavy metals uptake potential of newly isolated white rot fungi from metals contaminated leather tannery sites. Two white rot fungi viz., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolinifer were selected for biosorption of Cr(VI) study. Chromium resistance was tested at different concentration.. Biosorption efficiency was estimated by live and dead fungal mass. Dead immobilized white rot fungi had the effect of biosorbents dose on metal biosorption. The cost effective potential biosorbent can be developed by these two fungal species for removing chromium from industrial effluents as well.
Key words: Biosorption, Chromium (VI), Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolinifer, Diphenyl carbazide

In this study, we examined the medicinal properties of medicinal plants Achyranthes aspera Linn and Jatropha gossypifolia individually as well as their synergism. Different solvents system used to extract the principle compound present in these selected plants and solvent were chosen based on their polarity from high polar solvent to low polar. The ethanol extract of Achyranthes aspera and Jatropha gossypifolia has maximum activity against the microorganism Staphylococcus aureus. The effective compounds present in the extracted sample were evaluated by generating chromatogram in Thin Layer Chromatography technique. The quality and purity were confirmed by HPLC. The synergistic activity of ethanolic extract of these plants shows significant antibacterial activity.

Polypharmacy often referred as Polyherbalism is the combination of several medicinal herbs to achieve therapeutic effectiveness. Polyherbalism tends to provide larger benefits in a synergistic interaction. This investigation aims to study the phytochemical characterization of Vapcozam polyhedral formulation extract, and their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity in in-vitro condition followed by toxicity analysis using the zebra fish model. Thepolyherbal formulation was prepared from tendifferent plant materials using Soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemical characterization of Vapcozam polyhedral formulation was carried out and their anti-inflammatory activity was attained by the albumin denaturation assay.The anti-oxidant activity of polyhedral formulation was studied using the hydrogen peroxide assay.A dose response curve was plotted to determine the IC50 values using graph pad prism software. The traditional medicinal poly herbal plants formulation gave promising results for the treatment of cough and common cold. Phytochemical characterization results confirmed the presence of tannins, flavanoids, carbohydrates, and glycosides obtained from the Vapcozam polyhedral formulation. A maximum anti-inflammatory activity was obtained at 46.79μg/ml. The antioxidant results showed 117 μg/ml of IC50 value using hydrogen peroxide assay. Toxicity analysis using zebra fish model highlighted the efficacy of the drug usage for the treatment of common cold. Taken together, these results showed that the Vapcozam polyhedral formulation could be a effective treatment method for common cold. 

Mushroom plays an important role in all the world to prevent lacking of nutritive values because it contain all the nutrients such as protein , vitamins, selenium, riboflavin, niacin, fiber and popular in food recopies because it contain low carbohydrates ,carbohydrates, cholesterol and sodium. Mushrooms have been used extensively in traditional medicine as antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor agents. Infectious diseases remain a major threat to human health, due to global antimicrobial resistance. This has led to an increase in the search for new and potent antimicrobial substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the organic solvents (methanol,) extracts of two mushroom species against MDR K.pneumoniae using agar disc diffusion method. Wild edible and non-edible mushrooms can be used as agents in the development of new drugs for bacterial infections. This study indicated that the antibacterial effects of mushrooms vary depending on the type of mushroom, the solvent medium used and the type of organism tested. Agaricus bisporus and Amanita parcivolvata both are active against multi drug resistant bur based on MIC Amanita parcivolvata was found to be potent and provide novel antibacterial compoundBLE MUSHROOM AGAINST MDR K.PNEUMONIA

This study focuses on anatomically localized tumors in the head and neck areas. Brain cancers and head and neck cancers cause more than 873,000 cases worldwide each year, increasing every year. With late survival rates, brain and head and neck cancers are more likely to be serious conditions. Oncology is a multi-step process and the role of infectious agents in this development has not been fully identified. A major problem with such research is that the role of many infectious agents can be underestimated due to a lack or discrepancy in the experimental data obtained worldwide. As for brain cancer, no infection is directly accepted as cancer, although many viruses and parasites are associated with malignancies. Our analysis of the literature showed that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exists in different types of brain tumors, namely Cleoplastoma Multiform (GPM) and Meduloblastoma. In particular, GPM models have reports of up to 100% virus protein. Several epidemiological studies have reported links between brain cancer and toxoplasmosis seropositivity. In head and neck cancers, there is a distinct link between Epstein-Barr virus (EPV) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NBC). Considering that each undifferentiated NPC is EPV-positive, the virus titer size can be measured to show high risk people. In addition, there is an obvious link between the human papilloma virus (HPV) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); In particular, 26% of HNSCCs are positive for HPV. HPV type 16 is the most common type diagnosed in HNSCCs (90%) and its prevalence is higher than reported in cervical cancer. Despite numerous studies showing the association of infectious agents with cancer, there is a dearth of articles covering the role of infection in brain and head and neck cancers, with different levels of involvement and direct or indirect causal effects. We review recent studies on the infectious origin of these cancers and present our current understanding of mechanisms for cancer, thereby providing possible new approaches to cancer treatment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a kind of disorders distinguished by high levels of blood glucose arising from lacks in insulin secretion, insulin function, or both. The symptoms of diabetes mellitus regard long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs. Therefore alternative treatments are of high interest means by using medicinal plants or phytotherapy. The present study performed to qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive compound from the leaves of Alpinia purpurata and antimicrobial activity of Alpinia purpurata leaves by disc diffusion assay method. The antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of leaves of Alpinia purpurata were done by alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase assay method. The methanolic extract was also explored for its antioxidant activities by using free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method. The study revealed that the different concentration of plant extracts exhibit potent radical scavenging activity by using DPPH as substrate. The leaves of Alpinia purpurata showed significant α-amylase (74%) and α-glucosidase (78%) inhibitory activities at the concentration 100 µg/ml severally and well analyzed with standard acarbose drug. Therefore, it is recommended that the methanolic extract of leaves of Alpinia purpurata is a potential source for natural antidiabetic and antioxidant compounds and could have potential use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Key words: Alpinia purpurata leaves, Alpha amylase inhibitory activity, Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity, Antioxidant activities, Antimicrobial activity.

Human body have T cells in the immune system which protect the body from infection by pathogens and clear mutant cells through specific recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs). In Cancer immunotherapy, these T cells boosts the antitumor efficacy of T cells by release inhibition of Immune checkpoints. It also expands the adaptive immunity by promote the adoptive transfer of T cells. These T cells are genetically equipped with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or TCRs . It shown phenomenol effectiveness in treating some hematological malignancies. Whereas the efficacy of Engineered T cells in treating solid tomors is far from satisfactory. In this review, we are going to summarize how the genetically engineered T cells are developed and what are the recent studies now investigated for genetically engineered T cells for Tumor immunotherapy and also discuss about the strategies for improving the performance of these T cells for the fight against Tumors

Acute phase protein synthesis and the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow was depend on the cytokine named as IL-6 which is a Powerful Pro-inflammatory cytokine. It also supports the growth of B cells and is antagonistic to regulatory T cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the S.oralis mediated IL-6 production in cord blood derived human stem cells (CBSC) in comparison with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In this study, stem cells were isolated from the umbilical cord blood and mononuclear cells were isolated from pheripheral blood of a healthy donar. A virulent heat inactivated Streptococcus oralis bacterial culture was used to stimulate both cord blood derived human stem cells (CBSC) in comparison with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). After stimulation the culture supernatant was collected and subjected to quantification of IL-6 release by ELISA. The results showed that the Streptococcus oralis induces the IL-6 cytokine release in PBMC cells than the cord blood derived human stem cells.

Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. In 2018, 1, 62,468 new cases and 87,090 deaths were reported for breast cancer in India. 25 years back, out of every 100 breast cancer patients, 2% were in 20 to 30 years age group, 7% were in 30 to 40 and so on. 69% of the patients were above 50 years of age. Presently, 4% are in 20 to 30 yrs age group, 16% are in 30 to 40, 28% are in 40 to 50 age group. So, almost 48% patients are below 50. Breast self-examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) are used to screen for breast cancer. CBE has a sensitivity of 57.14% and a specificity of 97.11%. Although it does not permit one to determine malignancy with assurance, it is useful for detecting suspicious breast lesions. Despite these results and those from similar studies, some believe that CBE and BSE should still be used, especially for women younger than 40 years as well as for those who do not undergo routine mammography. Thermal images are actually visual displays of the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. The results from women of all ages that used hormone replacement therapy yielded a mammographic specificity of about 91.7%. Mammography is less sensitive in women with radio graphically dense breasts Sensitivity values range from 62.9% in extremely dense-breasted women to 87% in extremely fatty-breasted women, whereas specificity values ranged from 89.1% to 96.9%, respectively. Public health data indicate that the global burden of breast cancer in women, measured by incidence, mortality, and economic costs, is substantial and on the increase. Worldwide, it is estimated that more than one million women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year, and more than 410,000 will die from the disease. Although it is not certain which women have been affected, the imbalance suggests that there is substantial over diagnosis, accounting for nearly a third of all newly diagnosed breast cancers, and that screening is having, at best, only a small effect on the rate of death from breast cancer.

The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and "rediscovered" by Alexander Flamming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum, Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by targeting such features as the bacterial cell wall. In present study the Penicillum species was isolated from soil sample through serial dilution and plating method and the genus was identified by wet-mount technique after that the fungi .The Penicillumsp was grown in the growth medium , after mat formation it was transferred in to production medium and the production was conformed by estimating the enzyme by DNS method. The same way the Penicillium sp was subjected to mutation by UV irradiation and Ethidioum Bromide and it was compared with wiled type. In that compere with wiled type I got the better production in UV mutation, in Ethidium Bromide mutation , the production was reduced so the to conclude my work the UV mutant strain was produced better result in production of Penicillinase enzyme. In future i will go for mass production of the enzyme and reduce the cost of the Antibiotic.

The imminent prospect of the first approval of a plant-made pharmaceutical (PMP) for human use could herald a new era for applied plant science, after a decade of public backlash against genetically modified crops, particularly in Europe. Yet, the general resistance to genetically modified organisms might have done plant biotechnology a favour in the long run, by forcing it to adopt more-rigorous procedures for efficacy and safety in line with the pharmaceutical industry. This could, in turn, lead to renewed vigour for plant science, with the promise of developing not only food crops that deliver benefits to consumers and producers, but also a wide range of new pharmaceuticals.

This is certainly the view of David Aviezer, CEO of Protalix, an Israeli company that has developed what could become the first recombinant therapeutic protein from plants to treat Gaucher disease. The protein is called taliglucerase alpha; it is a recombinant human form of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase that is produced in genetically engineered carrot cells. This enzyme has a crucial role in the breakdown of glycolipids in the cell membrane and is either used to provide energy or for cellular recognition. Deficiency of this enzyme causes accumulation of lipids with a variety of effects including premature death.

Bioethanol production can be produced by plant residues that are rich in lignocellulose and cellulose. Ethanol for use in alcoholic beverages, and the vast majority of ethanol for use as biofuel, is produced by fermentation, in which certain species ofyeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or bacteria (e.g., Zymomonasmobilis) metabolize sugars in oxygen-lean conditions to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. In this study the bioethanol production from husk extract was carried out by endosymbiotic facultative anaerobic bacteria.Out of the four of cellulase-producing bacterial strains isolated from termite gut during this study, the ES1 isolate was found to have cellulase and amylase enzyme production. This isolate was known as Bacillus cereus. The effects of different growth parameters, including pH and shaking were investigated to optimize the growth conditions of the bacterium. The maximum cellulase activity was achieved at pH of 7 and an incubation temperature of 35°C. The results showed the liberation of 2.4 g/L of reducing sugar during fermentation. This total reducing sugar produced 17.0 g/L of ethanol after 48 hours when B.cereus was used as a fermentation agent. Hence, bioethanol was successfully produced from the cellulose of rice husk residue using the cellulase enzyme from B. cereus.

Recently green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from plants is an extreme rising filed in nanotechnology. We have reported a green method for synthesis of Silver Nano Particles from aqueous plant leaves extract of Leptadaenia reticulata, an endemic medicinal plant of South-Eastern Ghats. These green-synthesized nanoparticles ar made public by color modification pattern, and thus the broad peak obtained at 421 nm with UV–Vis surface plasmon resonance studies check that that the synthesized.DLS analysis, it was located that Ag nanoparticles size changed into in the range of 80-120nm. Zeta capability famous the energetically very unstable. The particles undergo aggregation to stabilize themselves. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesized Silver nanoparticles on clinically separated Microorganisms were showed sensitivity against the biosynthesized nanoparticles. It indicates that Plant leaf extract of Leptadaenia reticulata is suitable for synthesizing stable silver nanoparticles which act as excellent antimicrobial agents. Keywords: Leptadaenia reticulata- Green synthesis- Silver nanoparticles -UV–Vis - FT-IR - SEM - DLS - Zeta potential analyser- Antimicrobial activity.

Cancer is a broad term. It describes the disease that results when cellular changes cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Some types of cancer cause rapid cell growth, while other cause cells to grow and divide at a slower rate. A cell receives instructions to die in order that the body can replace it with a more moderen cell that functions better. Cancerous cells lack the components that instruct them to prevent dividing and to die. The cervix is located in the lower part of the uterus also called uterine cervix, it connects the body of the uterus by the cervix part called endocervix to the birth canal by the part named exocervix. Cells covering the cervix are referred to as squamous cells and the glandular cells. Vervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women worldwide, after breast cancer. Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is that the commonest sexually transmitted infection (STI) within the us . About 80% of women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lifetime. In this study the PAP smear was performed for the patients at Harsha Mithra super specialities cancer hospital in trichy. PAP smear was performed from November 2018 to January 2019 and 12 patient undercurrent test. The PAP smear test was done for few people in the month of December 2018 and January 2019, Approximately 38 members came for the test. In 2016, 132 people have come to the hospital for PAP smear test 68 people are affected by this PAP smear and in 2017 there are 169 People have come to the hospital for PAP smear test 129 People are affected by this PAP smear test and in 2018, 112 People have come to the hospital for PAP smear test 163 people are affected by this PAP smear test.

Herbal drug delivery is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability which can be overcome with suitable nanomaterials that will enhance their pharmacokinetics and performance. Optimization of this green synthesis would support the production of AgNPs with great therapeutic potentials. The present work is focused on discovering a new technique for green synthesis of metal nanoparticles of ginger water and methanolic extracts. The investigated samples were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. The present study reveals that to separate and detect gingerol from ginger rhizome, to synthesis, characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using gingerol, to find out antibacterial activity against P.gingivalis, to screen the antioxidant activities of the AgNPs, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activity of AgNp and to find out the binding efficiency of Gingerol against breast cancer target.

Renewable and sustainable sources of energy can be obtained from conventional fossil fuel. The right choice to produce biofuels can get by exploitation of biomass.First and second generation biofuels are not available and critized for economic ,social and food industry. Since the early 2000s, the development of global biofuel markets has been driven by policies fostering their production and use. Policies were initially motivated by a combination of factors, including the view that biofuel use would improve energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Government support for the biofuel industry takes the shape of blending mandates, exemptions from taxes applied to corresponding petroleum fuels, and investment support. Biofuel markets also are suffering from sustainability criteria, fuel quality standards, and import tariffs on ethanol and biodiesel. The projections presented during this Outlook are supported a group of assumptions concerning the evolution of biofuel policies round the world 

Urolithiasis is a global problem afflicting human beings for several centuries. Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed typically within the kidneys. It is a growing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. Urinary stones have been found to contain calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid and magnesium ammonium phosphate with apatite and struvites predominating. Calcium-containing stones are the most common variety of urinary stone, and it comprise about 75% of all urinary calculi, which are found in the form of pure calcium oxalate (50%), calcium phosphate (5%) or a mixture of both (45%). Urinary stones are characterized by its high recurrence rate, if patients are not treated appropriately. Among the treatments used are surgical removal, percutaneous techniques based on laproscopic and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug treatment. Besides, these treatments cause undesirable side effects such as hemorrhage, hypertension, tubular necrosis and subsequent fibrosis of the kidney leading to cell injury and recurrence of renal stone formation. Patients affected with kidney-stone forming are prone to its recurrence even after its surgical removal. From the above facts it is clear that there is a need to the study herbal plants for the treatment of urinary stones because of their efficacy, safety, lesser side effects and better compatibility with human body. Herbals presently available for the treatment of kidney stones are Vitus vinifera. To study the effects of aqueous extract of fruits and seeds of Vitus vinifera which are used as additives to induce the nucleation and growth of CHPD crystals by single diffusion gel growth technique under in vitro condition. Phytochemical compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phlobatanin, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, coumarins, proteins, carbohydrates and glycosides were screened in aqueous extracts of Vitus vinifera. The fruits and seeds of Vitus vinifera extracts can promote the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. crystals treat urinary stone by inhibiting the formation of CHPD crystals, a major component of calcium urinary stone under in vitro conditions. This research provides a multidisciplinary approach in characterizing urinary stone CHPD crystals grown in vitro and in vivo to help, formulate prevention or dissolution strategies in controlling calcium urinary stone growth. This research is also focused to find new alternative medicine Vitus vinifera for the treatment of calcium phosphate urinary stone. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the beneficial effects of Vitus vinifera at a different dose and single compound for the prevention of kidney stone formation.

Many people suffers urinary stone problems. Urinary stones contain calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid and magnesium ammonium phosphate.. Struvite commonly known as Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Hexahydrate (AMPH) and Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate.Struvite calculi, found in 15–20% of urinary calculi are mostly connected to urinary tract infections. They are present in women and in persons older than 50 years. Herbals presently available for the treatment of kidney stones are leaves of Aegle marmelos. With an increase in the concentration of methanol extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos. The formed crystals weight were gradually reduced . The ranges were 2.86 g to 0.43 g in struvite crystals, respectively. This research provides a multidisciplinary approach in characterizing urinary stone struvite crystals grown in vitro to help, formulate prevention or dissolution strategies in controlling calcium urinary stone growth. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the beneficial effects of leaves of Aegle marmelos at a different dose and single compound for the prevention of kidney stone formation. In the result of the study it was concluded that the test drug Aegle marmelos has shown inhibitory activity on struvite crystals growth.
Key Words: Aegle marmelos, Kidney stone, Struvite crystals

Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a field of applied biological sciences and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles is done by various physical and chemical methods, But biological methods are relatively simple, inexpensive, nontoxic and environmentally friendly methods. The current review focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on the use of parts of plants for the synthesis process, its applications and future prospectus.

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is the world’s second deadliest disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The treatment for TB started in the year 1944 after the discovery of the antibiotic streptomycin. Over the century, the TB bacteria have evolved into the resistance forms, despite the use of effective drugs. In our study, We analysed the pharmacokinetic profile of Levofloxacin in MDR-TB patients. LFX is a synthetic broad spectrum antibacterial agent. It is the S-Isomer of the race mate. Plasma concentrations of levofloxacin were estimated using the validated methods by HPLC at NIRT. We had analysed the plasma concentrations of individual patients over different time intervals post single dosage. In case of LFX, about 10(40%) patients had their Cmax> 12µg/ml, 3 patients showed sub therapeutic Cmax value i.e. < 8 µg/ml and the remaining 12 patients (48%) had their Cmax value within the range. This study is expected to have important clinical implications. 

Lactic acid bacteria are the predominant microbial group in fermented products, which play an important role in fermentation processes. The LAB used in commercial starter cultures possesses numerous metabolic characteristics such as production of organic acids, aroma compounds, bacteriocins and exopolysaccharides. Our reports show high values of hydrophobicity, coaggregation as well as a strong biofilm production of Lactobacillus sp was recorded . Various immobilization/encapsulation techniques have been proposed and tested for application in functional food production. In the present research, the use of Cissus quadrangularis as prebiotic with probiotic microorganisms was found to be beneficial and LAB become more active. . Subsequently, immobilization/encapsulation applications in the food industry aiming at the prolongation of cell viability are described together with an evaluation of their potential future impact, which is also highlighted and assessed. The total Polysaccharide was estimates Cissus quadrangularis acted as prebiotic and stimulate or suatain the viability of cells. High values and the strongest biofilm production was also recored in chitosan immboilzed cells. The Lactobacillus strains and pathogenic strains tested could all auto aggregate. Auto aggregation increased as a function of time and was highest at the 24 h time point.A moderate coaggregation and hydrophobicity was registerd at non immobilized cells and starch based polymers. The auto aggregative percentages of all pathogenic isolates ranged between 10 and 16 %, which is 9- fold below the range for the Lactobacillus isolates (between 99 %) after 24 h in the same conditions. These results demonstrate that there is relationship between auto aggregation and adhesiveness ability of L. acidophilus also showed strain-specific co aggregation abilities with the tested indicator strains. It has been suggested that coaggregate with pathogens, may constitute an important host defiance mechanism against infection by inhibitor producing LAB, which. Biofilm formation by secretion of exopolysaccharide (EPS) was observed.

An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, and water. Oceans are the home to huge microbial populations and diversity (Stach et al., 2005; Sogin et al., 2006) and they live in every corner of the ocean and their habitats are diverse; they are distributed in open waters, sediments, associated with many organisms, estuaries, hydrothermal vents (Cevera et al., 2005). They are always involved in the important processes of the sea in promoting organic material transformation and mineralization in the sediments and overlying waters (Das et al., 2007). Microbial communities are structured by temporal and spatial variability of physicochemical and biotic parameters (Hewson et al., 2007).

Bioremediation is a biological mechanism that recycles waste that can be reused and reused by other organisms. Nowadays, the world is facing the problem of different environmental pollution. Microbes are essential to an important alternative solution to overcoming challenges. Microbes live everywhere in the biosphere because their metabolic function is astonishing; Environmental conditions are present in all. The nutritional potential of microorganisms is completely different, so it is used as a biofilm of environmental pollutants. Bioremediation is highly involved in the decomposition, elimination, immobilization or toxicity of various chemical wastes and physically hazardous substances from the surrounding all-encompassing and functional microorganisms. The main policy is to degrade and replace pollutants such as hydrocarbons, oil, heavy metal, pesticides, and dyes. It is carried out in an enzymatic way by metabolism, so it has a role to play in solving many environmental problems. There are two types of factors that determine the rate of deterioration of biological and agiotic conditions. Currently, different methods and techniques are used in different parts of the world. For example, biostimulation, bioaccumulation, bioventilation, biopiles and bioautenuation are common. All biological techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages because it has its own specific application.

Urolithiasis is a condition that involves the formation of stones in the kidneys, bladder and / or urethra. Kidney stone is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man. Many stones are asymptomatic until they start to move down from the urethra, causing pain due to blockage. The pain starts abruptly when a stone moves in the urinary tract, causing irritation or obstruction. 

Usually, a person experiences sharp, tingling pain in the area of the kidneys or in the back and side of the abdomen. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. Additional corporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ultrasonic waves or shock waves are used to break up the stones so that they can be excreted in the urine or removed through an endoscope. Lithotripsy may be an alternative to surgery.

Medicinal plants play a significant role in various ancient traditional methods of medicine. Medicinal plants are the main source of new medicines that are considered to be very safe, with few or no side effects. Inhibition of the formation of calcium oxalate crystals .

The in vitro anterolytic function was performed by single diffusion gel growth technology, dual diffusion gel growth techniques and turbidometric method. The growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in the presence of 3% leaf methanol extract has a relatively short diffusion length and is more resistant to growth than 1%, 2% leaf methanol extract and cystone. At the same time in the study of growth inhibition of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystal in the presence of 3% leaf methanol extract had a much higher growth inhibition capacity than different concentrations of leaf extracts and cystone. Similarly 3% leaf methanol extract produced maximum inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth over different concentrations of leaf juice and cystone. In the turbidometric method, the maximum growth block was removed in 15mg / 5ml of leaf methanol extract rather than in different concentrations of leaf extract and cystone. 

Overall b. To clarify the chemical components of the extract and the mechanism responsible for its anterolytic activity.

Mast cells are cells of immune systems which plays an major role in inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity reactions. They are found in connective tissues of the body, especially below the surface of the skin, near blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, within nerves, throughout the respiratory system, and in the digestive and urinary tracts. These cells store a variety of different chemical mediators such as histamine, interleukins, proteoglycans (e.g., heparin), and various enzymes. When the mast cell activated by an by an allergen, the mast cells release the contents of their granules into the surrounding tissues. This process was named as Degranulation. This chemical mediators produce local responses characteristic of an allergic reaction, such as increased permeability of blood vessels (i.e., inflammation and swelling), contraction of smooth muscles (e.g., bronchial muscles), and increased mucus production. Mast cells are produced from the mast cell progenitors in the place of bone marrow by the process regulated by transcription factors. Based on the character of Surface markers the mast cells are characterized by flow cytometry. The centre of attraction of this review article was the origin and development of mast cell progenitors.