REVIEW OF INFECTIOUS AGENT IN CARCINOGENESI OF BRAIN

Abstract

This study focuses on anatomically localized tumors in the head and neck areas. Brain cancers and head and neck cancers cause more than 873,000 cases worldwide each year, increasing every year. With late survival rates, brain and head and neck cancers are more likely to be serious conditions. Oncology is a multi-step process and the role of infectious agents in this development has not been fully identified. A major problem with such research is that the role of many infectious agents can be underestimated due to a lack or discrepancy in the experimental data obtained worldwide. As for brain cancer, no infection is directly accepted as cancer, although many viruses and parasites are associated with malignancies. Our analysis of the literature showed that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exists in different types of brain tumors, namely Cleoplastoma Multiform (GPM) and Meduloblastoma. In particular, GPM models have reports of up to 100% virus protein. Several epidemiological studies have reported links between brain cancer and toxoplasmosis seropositivity. In head and neck cancers, there is a distinct link between Epstein-Barr virus (EPV) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NBC). Considering that each undifferentiated NPC is EPV-positive, the virus titer size can be measured to show high risk people. In addition, there is an obvious link between the human papilloma virus (HPV) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); In particular, 26% of HNSCCs are positive for HPV. HPV type 16 is the most common type diagnosed in HNSCCs (90%) and its prevalence is higher than reported in cervical cancer. Despite numerous studies showing the association of infectious agents with cancer, there is a dearth of articles covering the role of infection in brain and head and neck cancers, with different levels of involvement and direct or indirect causal effects. We review recent studies on the infectious origin of these cancers and present our current understanding of mechanisms for cancer, thereby providing possible new approaches to cancer treatment.