Growth and Characterization of Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Urinary Stone and Inhibitory Effect of Juice And Seed of Vitus vinifera

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a global problem afflicting human beings for several centuries. Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed typically within the kidneys. It is a growing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. Urinary stones have been found to contain calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid and magnesium ammonium phosphate with apatite and struvites predominating. Calcium-containing stones are the most common variety of urinary stone, and it comprise about 75% of all urinary calculi, which are found in the form of pure calcium oxalate (50%), calcium phosphate (5%) or a mixture of both (45%). Urinary stones are characterized by its high recurrence rate, if patients are not treated appropriately. Among the treatments used are surgical removal, percutaneous techniques based on laproscopic and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug treatment. Besides, these treatments cause undesirable side effects such as hemorrhage, hypertension, tubular necrosis and subsequent fibrosis of the kidney leading to cell injury and recurrence of renal stone formation. Patients affected with kidney-stone forming are prone to its recurrence even after its surgical removal. From the above facts it is clear that there is a need to the study herbal plants for the treatment of urinary stones because of their efficacy, safety, lesser side effects and better compatibility with human body. Herbals presently available for the treatment of kidney stones are Vitus vinifera. To study the effects of aqueous extract of fruits and seeds of Vitus vinifera which are used as additives to induce the nucleation and growth of CHPD crystals by single diffusion gel growth technique under in vitro condition. Phytochemical compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phlobatanin, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, coumarins, proteins, carbohydrates and glycosides were screened in aqueous extracts of Vitus vinifera. The fruits and seeds of Vitus vinifera extracts can promote the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. crystals treat urinary stone by inhibiting the formation of CHPD crystals, a major component of calcium urinary stone under in vitro conditions. This research provides a multidisciplinary approach in characterizing urinary stone CHPD crystals grown in vitro and in vivo to help, formulate prevention or dissolution strategies in controlling calcium urinary stone growth. This research is also focused to find new alternative medicine Vitus vinifera for the treatment of calcium phosphate urinary stone. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the beneficial effects of Vitus vinifera at a different dose and single compound for the prevention of kidney stone formation.