Scholar: National School of Leadership

Research Articles

Vol. 10 No. 1.0 (2021): Scholar : National School of Leadership

EFFECT OF ALOE VERA EXTRACT ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF ENDOSULFAN TOXICITY IN CYPRINUS CARPIO

Submitted
November 27, 2022
Published
June 30, 2021

Abstract

Endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant especially in water bodies and sediments with increased danger of bioaccumulation. Although it was banned worldwide by the Stockholm Convention in 2011, it is still used especially in developing countries. It is extremely harmful to non-target organisms in aquatic bodies especially fishes. In the present study, effect of Aloe vera on some specific bio chemical marker enzymes of endosulfan intoxicated common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated. Test animals were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.05µg/L) of the endosulfan and Aloe vera was given in feed at two different concentrations (10% and 20% w/w). The preventive and curative effect of Aloe vera was determined by studying the level of marker enzymes like acetyl cholinesterase in brain, superoxide dismutase in liver and acid and alkaline phosphatases in muscle. The total protein content in all these samples was also estimated. It was found that Aloe vera has significant preventive effect in combating the toxicity of endosulfan.  The enzyme systems that get disrupted in endosulfan treated groups showed an improvement in their activity in Aloe vera feed given preventive groups. Even though lesser when compared to the preventive effect, Aloe vera also showed a significant curative effect in the endosulfan damaged enzyme systems but only in the higher concentration. All the results obtained were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).

References

  1. Jaffery F N, Vishwanathan P N, Bhattacharji B D, Kakkar P, Raizada R B & Dikshith T S S, Toxicology atlas of India: pesticides (ENVIS Centre at Industrial Toxicology Research Centre , CSIR, Lucknow) 1990, 23.
  2. Miles C J & Pfeuffer R J, Pesticides in canals of South Florida, Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol, 32 (1997) 337.
  3. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Toxicological Profile for Endosulfan (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA) 1990.
  4. Kamrin M A (Ed.) Pesticide Profiles; Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate. (C.R.C. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, New York) 1997, 205.
  5. Shimmel S C, Patrick Jr, & Wilson Jr, Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of Endosulfan by estuarine animals aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. (American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 1977, 241.
  6. Eshun K & He Q, Aloe vera, a valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries--a review, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 44 (2004) 916.
  7. Gallagher J & Gray M, Is Aloe vera effective for healing chronic wounds?, Journal of WOCN, 30 (2003) 68.
  8. Pecere T, Gazzola M V, Mucignat C, Parolin C, Vecchia F D, Cavaggioni A, Basso G, Diaspro A, Salvato B, Carli M & Palu G, Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors, Cancer Res. 1, 60 (2000) 2800.
  9. Yen G C, Duh P D & Chuang D Y, Antioxidant activity of anthraquinones and anthrone, Food Chem, 70 (2000) 437.
  10. EPA 712-C-96-118, Ecoloical Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 850.1075, Fish acute toxicity test, freshwater and marine, 1996.
  11. Stegeman J J, Brouwer M, Di Giulio R T, Forlin L, Fowler B A, Sanders B M & Van Veld P A, Molecular responses to environmental contamination: enzyme and protein systems as indicators of chemical exposure and effect. In: Huggett R J, Kimerle R A, Mehrle P M, Bergman H L (Eds.) Biomarkers: biochemical, physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress, (A special publication of SETAC, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI) 1992, 235.
  12. Laws E A, Thermal pollution and power plants. In: Aquatic Pollution (John Wiley & Sons, New York) 1981, 266.
  13. Casillas E, Myers M & Ames W, Relationship of serum chemistry values to liver and kidney histopathology in English sole ( Parophrys vetulus ) after acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride, Aquat. Toxicol, 3 (1983) 61.
  14. Wagner J & Stanton T L, Formulating Rations with the PearsonSquare. No. 1.618. Colorado State University Extension. (2006) www.ext.colostate.edu.
  15. Naidu K R P, Promodakumari J & Naidu B P, Impact of endosulfan on the hematology of fish, Cyprinus carpio, Environ. & Ecol. 5 (1987) 713.
  16. Lowry Ο H, Rosebrough Ν J, Farr A L & Randall R J, Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193 (1951) 265.
  17. Ellman G L, Courtney K D, Andres V Jr & Featherstone R M, A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmac. 7 (1961) 88.
  18. Akinpelu B A, Dare C A, Adebesin F I, Iwalewa E O & Oyedapo O O, Effect of stem - bark of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perri.) saponin on fresh water snail (Lanistes lybicus) tissues, Afr. J. Env. Sci. and Tech, 6 (2012) 446.
  19. Misra H P & Fridovich I, The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase, J. Biol. Chem, 247 (1972) 3170.
  20. Andersch M A & Szczypinski A J, Use of P-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate in determination of serum acid phosphotase, Am. J.CIin Path, 17 (1974) 571.
  21. Tenniswood M, Bird C E & Clark A F, Acid phosphatases: androgen dependent markers of rat prostrate, Can J.Biochem, 54 (1976) 350.
  22. Bessey O A, Lowry O H & Brock M J, A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum, J. Biol. Chem, 164 (1946) 321.
  23. Yasmeen R M, Physiological responses of freshwater fish Ananas scandens (cuvier) to the toxicity of Endosulfan, Ph.D. thesis, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India,1986.
  24. Sancho E, Ferrando M D, Fernandez C & Andreu E, Liver energy metabolism of Anguilla anguilla after exposure to Fenitrothion, Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf, 41 (1998) 168.
  25. Reddy N A, Venugopal B R K & Reddy S L N, Effects of Endosulfan 35 EC on certain aspects of protein metabolism in various tissues of fresh water field crab Barytelphusa guerini, Pestic. Biochem.Physical, 39 (1991) 121.
  26. Bhavan P S & Geraldine P, Aberrations in various parameters of bioenergetics in prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii following exposure to Endosulfan, Aquacult, 1 (2000) 141.
  27. Rajasekaran S, Sriram N, Arulselvan P & Subramanian S, Effect of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on membrane bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases in rats with streptozotocin diabetes, Pharmazie., 62 (2007) 221.
  28. Unakar N J, Harries W & Tsui J, Acid phosphatase II a. cytochemical localization in lenses of normal and galactose fed rats, Exp.Eye. Res, 40 (1985) 117.
  29. Ahamed M R, Elumalai M, Balasubramanian S E & Balasubramanian M P, Individual and combined effect of copper and chromium on oxygen consumption and phosphatases of a marine edible crab, Scylla seratta, Biomed Lett, 55 (1997) 147.
  30. Chitra K C, Latchoumycandane C & Mathur P P, Chronic effect of Endosulfan on the testicular functions of rat, Asian. J. Androl, 1 (1999) 203.
  31. Terril J B & Murphy C L, Four weeks inhalation study in rats with accephate. Technical report No: 2107-155 from Hazleton Laboratories, America, Inc. Vienna, Virginia, USA submitted to WHO by Tomen, Agro,Inc., San Francisco,California,USA, 1987.
  32. Pan G & Dutta H M, The inhition of brain acetyl cholinesterase activity of juvenile mouth bass Micropterus salmoides by sublethal concentration of diazinon, Environ.Res, Sect. A, 79 (1998) 133.
  33. Hiran M D & Dane A A, Effects of endosulphan on brain acetycholinesterase activity in juvenile blue gill sun fish, Env.Res, 91 (2003) 157.
  34. Heshmati M, Nadoushan M J , Heydari A, The effect of dried Aloe vera gel powder on Choline acetyl transferase and synaptic zone after spinal cord injury in adult rats, Int. J. Med Plants Res, 3 (2014) 260.
  35. Dorval J, Leblond V S & Hontela A, Oxidative stress and loss of cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed in vitro to endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, Aquat. Toxicol, 63 (2003) 229.
  36. Sonia M & Mohamed D, Invitro anti oxidant activities of Aloe vera leaf skin extract, Journal de la Société Chimique de Tunisie, 10 (2008) 101.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.