IARS' Knowledge Planet

A comprehensive review of Lean manufacturing using constraints theory with Context to Industry 4.0

Khawaish Gupta — 2023-12-31

There has been continuous research in finding out novel and cost-effective methods of manufacturing in order to cater multifold surge in demand for products in market. Competition in the manufacturing industry is growing and concerned companies have been pressured to take measures and change their manufacturing processes in order to stay competitive on a global market. Constraints are factors that limit the operational capacity of a manufacturing facility and it is the job of managers to remove these barriers in order to increase outcome and profit. Lean manufacturing, an approach geared towards achieving operational excellence, focuses on waste elimination, process optimization, and ongoing productivity improvement. This methodology aligns seamlessly with the goals of Industry 4.0, which promotes smart manufacturing, efficiency, and flexibility. The combination of lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 within the theory of constraints provides a synergistic solution to address the complexities and challenges posed by advanced technologies and interconnected systems By leveraging advanced technologies, engaging employees, and adopting a data-driven mindset, manufacturers can successfully navigate the complexities of modern manufacturing and gain a competitive edge in the dynamic marketplace It will also examine the challenges associated with implementing these methodologies in various production systems. Through this research paper, the aim is to invoke novel possibilities in merging lean manufacturing processes with Industry 4.0.

Backpropagation Based Analysis of Digitized Electrocardiogram

Shivali S — 2023-12-31

In this work, digitized ECG are downloaded from Physionet, features like time intervals and amplitudes are recorded and used in analysis & classification of data. A total of 95 beats are used in this study from MITBIH arrhythmia. 27 beats are used for training and 15 beats are used for training. A sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 98.61% and accuracy of 92.51% has been achieved which is comparable to other studies. The network used has 10-20-7 configuration.

Design and Estimation of Critical Components of Multipurpose Agricultural Equipment using CAD Software

Rohit Kumar — 2023-12-31

In present era, it is impossible to think of any economy of any country without taking agriculture into account. Agriculture comprises of farming practices like cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. Out of it, cultivation is the main task and encompasses ploughing, seed sowing and fertiliser spraying. Till date these tasks are performed using different equipments which is matter of concern. Farmers have to work on all these steps which involve the use of labour and time. This research is focussed on combining individual tools on a single versatile machine at optimum cost. The multipurpose equipment is designed and stress analysis is performed on the critical components of the equipment using SolidWorks software before manufacturing it. This invention will also reduce the number of workers involved in agricultural practices like seed sowing, ploughing and sprinkling fertiliser. Along with this proposed model male as well as females both can carry out ploughing, seed sowing and fertiliser sprinkling with ease. From simulation results, it was concluded that critical parts will not fail under the given stresses without any significant deformations under the variable loading.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW PAPR AND VARIABLE RATE MULTICARRIER BASEBAND ARCHITECTURE

Mrinalika Mrinalika — 2023-12-31

4G LTE, DVB, IEEE 802.11, and others power modern life. Due to its high spectral efficiency, tolerance to fading and interference, lower computational complexity, and adaptive coding and modulation, most wireless communication systems use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for multicarrier modulation. Nevertheless, OFDM/high OFDMA's peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) renders it inappropriate for DVB-satellite to portable (DVB-SH), IoT, and 5G networks. CI-OFDM utilizes carrier interferometry (CI) codes with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for low PAPR and excellent bit error rate (BER). CI-OFDM has been called a single carrier modulation method, notwithstanding its benefits. IDFT OFDM eliminates CI code amplitude and phase. CI codes can be used with a unique oversampled CI-OFDM architecture to reduce PAPR. Both methods only support single-user, single-charge applications. The Internet of Things requires multicarrier modulation with variable data rates to link billions of devices and sensor nodes with varied sampling rates. Variable rate algorithms like VSL MC-CDMA and GO-OFDMA are suitable for these applications. GO-OFDMA surpasses VSL MC-CDMA in PAPR. A new architecture and its efficacy have been proposed since GO-OFDMA can only be used for speculation.

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CONNECTED QUASI ZSOURCE CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTER SYSTEM

Haripriya R — 2023-12-31

Line after line This project designs and develops novel Z-source inverter and pseudo Z-source inverter architectures and their solar photovoltaic power system upgrades. Computer modeling and in-person testing verify designs' functioning. After studying Z-source inverter topologies, recommended configurations are created. This allows Z-source inverters to handle many applications. Solar PV modules are input sources for Z-source inverter impedance network design. This strategy will be used throughout design. Because of this, solar photovoltaic systems are modeled, simulated, and tested to determine performance. Photovoltaic (PV) modules in various array topologies are tested in normal or partially shaded conditions. Full or partial sunshine works. Simulation produces current-voltage characteristic curves and power-voltage characteristic curves for modules under various temperature and insolation conditions. These curves assess module performance. An experimental scenario is used to determine the optimal solar array design for the proposed Z-source inverter architecture. ZSI solves the AC voltage output-DC voltage intake dilemma. Z-source inverter topologies feature better output voltage gain, smoother frequency, and the capacity to adapt technological upgrades. These benefits have convinced academics that Z-source inverter topologies can reach their potential. Hence, some Z-source inverter combinations have great promise. Chapter 4 analyzes Z-Source cascaded-feed multilayer inverters. Inverters are newline newline. High-voltage applications new linenewl inenewlinenew linenewline. These inverters reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) and perform well in many power system applications. Chapter 5 describes an efficient AI newlinecontrol approach for incorporating a newlinePV system. This AI-developed method employs an improved QZS-CMI architecture. The PV DC supply-newlineload connection is usually mentioned.

EFFECTIVE INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE WITH EFFICIENT DC TO DC CONVERTER FOR EVEHICLE

Rishabh Arora — 2023-12-31

The development of the earliest electric automobiles, also known as E-vehicles, can be traced all the way back to the middle of the nineteenth century. One of the most significant benefits of driving an electric vehicle is the decrease in the total quantity of emissions produced. Because of the high initial cost of E vehicles and in order to advance the use of electric transportation across the country, the government provided certain financial advantages to consumers who purchased these kinds of vehicles. This was done both because of the high initial cost of E vehicles and in order to advance the use of electric transportation across the country. This was done in order to make more progress toward the widespread adoption of electric vehicles throughout the nation. Vehicles that are driven by internal combustion engines are not nearly as effective as electric automobiles in making use of the energy that is readily available. Electric cars are far more efficient than these other types of vehicles. This is the case because electric cars are able to function using the power that is generated by the battery itself. Switching to electric vehicles has the potential to significantly cut emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment, in addition to other forms of pollution, such as air pollution and noise pollution. This is because electric vehicles do not produce the harmful emissions that are caused by internal combustion engines. The intelligent recharging of the battery in an electric vehicle is a crucial component because it helps to contribute to the maintenance of a stable supply of electricity in the system and protects drivers from the consequences of a disruption in that supply. In other words, an electric vehicle cannot function properly without this component. To phrase it another way, one of the most important aspects of an electric car is the intelligent recharging of the battery. E-vehicles use the conventional method of charging batteries; however, conventional charging has a number of drawbacks, including the fact that it requires a significant amount of time to fully charge the battery, and unmonitored charging can cause the battery to fail as a result of overheating. An alternative method of charging batteries, known as rapid charging, has fewer drawbacks than conventional charging and is used in e-vehicles. Rapid charging is a more recent approach to the process of charging batteries, and it offers a number of benefits over the more traditional technique of charging batteries. The method that is being proposed for charging batteries is known as opportunity charging of battery, and it involves keeping an eye on the temperature of the battery while it is charging in addition to the level of charge that the battery has while it is charging. The Battery Management System, which gets its power from a clean and sustainable source, is the one in charge of regulating all of these different processes. By managing the charging process, this technology ensures that the battery is charged in a timely manner while maintaining a high level of safety. Inductive power transfer (IPT), in conjunction with a DC-to-DC converter that is both effective and efficient, was shown to be a viable method for recharging the battery of an electric car, as indicated by the outcomes of this research study. The DC-to-DC converter is put to use in this IPT technique as a consequence of the incorporation of transmission and receiving coils into the operation of the DC-to-DC converter. The DC-to-DC converter is responsible for controlling and supplying the needed amount of power for the transmission coil from the input source, which may either be an AC source or DC sources. The input source can be any of these two types of sources. These two different kinds of sources may both function as the input source. 1. While this is going on, the DC-to-DC converter will be in charge of managing the power source that has been established, which will result in the battery being charged. As a vantage point from which to carry out this task, the receiving coil side of the IPT system will be used. Comparisons are made between three unique forms of direct current (DC) to direct current (DC) converters in order to determine which form of direct current (DC) to direct current (DC) converter is the most efficient. This category contains the following kinds of converters: SC-based alternating DC-to-DC converters, VMC-based DC-to-DC converters, and LUO converters.

ENHANCED OPTIMAL PATH PLANNING FOR INDOOR MOBILE ROBOT NAVIGATION

Rohit Krishna Murti — 2023-12-31

A more conventional uniform square-described grid-based route planning algorithm is used in many practical robotic applications as well as in a large number of computer-based games to tackle the challenge of energy-efficient and accurate navigation of moving agents. This algorithm can be found in both the real world and the virtual world. In order to satisfy the criteria of the challenge, this is done as part of the effort. The process of determining, inside the workspace of an application, the route that will be the quickest, safest, and most convenient route between any two sites of interest is referred to as "path finding." Path finding is also known as "route finding." The Aand the Theta route planning algorithms, in addition to their many different iterations, are the approaches that are used the majority of the time because of the simplicity of their designs, the efficiency with which they use computing time, the fact that they maximize path length, and the fact that they meticulously plan out paths. This is due to the fact that they maximize path length and that they plan out paths in great detail. Even though there are basic algorithms for identifying routes, the goal of such algorithms is to locate the way or paths that provide the most benefit, even if doing so necessitates compromising the criterion that there be no collisions and making the route more convoluted. These algorithms for route planning either contact the blocked grid cell or are edge-constrained, indicating that they were produced using grid cells. If neither of these conditions is met, then the methods were not constructed using grid cells. Alternately, they fulfill both of these criteria simultaneously. In addition to this, they do not investigate the best possible paths that are free of head-on accidents. In order to improve the level of route safety while simultaneously lowering the degree to which partial path optimality may be obtained, several various ways of path smoothing and path shaping are used. When route finding and post-path smoothing are coupled in a real-world application environment, the end effect is a final path that is more complicated. This, in turn, causes a loss of the property that belongs to true shortest pathways. The conventional algorithms suffer from two significant flaws, both of which must be addressed if they are to continue to be useful. The grid-based route planning approach has a number of drawbacks, the first of which is that it is only able to plan a path by using the edges or vertices of a certain workspace map. This is only one of the many problems with the grid-based route planning technique.

SILICON PHOTONIC SWITCHES AND MODULATORS USING PIN DIODE AND JUNCTION LESS STRUCTURES

Ashwani kumar — 2023-12-31

Silicon Photonics used coherent light modification, transmission, and detection. (SP). In the decade since Silicon World, inactive optical devices, modulators, signal processors, sensors, and others have advanced technologically. These happened. SP provides low-cost photonic solutions for short-, medium-, and long-haul telecommunications and chip-to-chip interconnects. SP-based transceivers and photonic integrated circuits have advanced during the past decade. (PIC). CMOS manufacture allows complex silicon PICs to be employed in massive data centers, high-bandwidth short-range communications, and dependable long-haul systems. This thesis includes junction-less silicon photonic modulators, coupling modulators, and PIN diode switches. This thesis describes a technologically programmable, compact, high-speed, low-power photonic switch. Plasma dispersion switches MMIs optically. Quantitative analysis and switch design recommendations are in the thesis. An active MMI coupler-based silicon ring-based coupling modulator is suggested and investigated. PIN diode-based electrically adjustable active MMI couplers can handle high-modulator footprint conventional coupling coefficient modulators. This thesis rates the suggested modulator. Eventually, a family of silicon photonic junction-less devices employing electrostatic doping (ED) solves random dopant fluctuations and accidental dopant activation in junction-based micro/nano-scale active silicon photonic devices. Technology improves. Electrostatic loading science is also taught. Three ED-assisted modulators are proposed and studied. First, an ED-aided phase shifter-loaded tiny Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) for intra-chip and short-haul communication is suggested and investigated. High-linear, low-power, junctionless modulator. Second, a short-haul EAM is shown.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFICIENT PSEUDORANDOM BIT GENERATION METHOD AND ITS VLSI ARCHITECTURE

Deepak Jain — 2023-12-31

Hence, data security has become a top priority. Cryptographic methods help resource-constrained smart devices encrypt and decrypt data. This protects data. PRBGs generate pseudo-random binary sequences from seeds. The cryptographic method's essential building element assures data secrecy. Academic research has used PRBG methods to generate pseudorandom bit sequences. Blum-Blum-Shub (BBS) PRBG is unexpected and cryptographically safe. BBS implementation requires huge integer modular multiplication. This makes the process computationally slow or costly. Han-Carlson adders and Montgomery modular multiplication are proposed for a low-latency BBS design. This will significantly reduce crucial route and computational delay. While improving the critical path, this technique has O(2n) clock delay due to recurrent calculation. This constraint necessitates research on a low hardware complexity coupled-LCG (CLCG) approach. CLCG uses a smaller region, reduced latency, and longer durations than BBS. Nevertheless, it fails the spectrum test, which can be rectified by dual-coupling four LCGs. The dual-CLCG approach requires inequality equations to obtain a valid one-bit random outcome. Inequality equations govern this procedure. Inequality equations slow the hardware implementation of the dual-CLCG approach for pseudorandom bit generation at every uniform clock rate. The thesis proposes a memory-based dual-CLCG architecture to solve this challenge. This architecture creates pseudorandom bits periodically. Its drawbacks include a high beginning clock delay, needless memory use, and a shorter sequence duration than other algorithms. This thesis presents two new PRBG algorithms and VLSI designs to solve these problems. These approaches create a pseudorandom bit every clock cycle with simple electronics. Both methods achieve the maximum length sequence and consistently pass all fifteen NIST benchmark tests. The recommended designs are built using Verilog HDL and prototyped using a commercial FPGA device in a lab. PRBG algorithms may assist produce pseudorandom bits in hardware security applications.

POWER ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM USING IOT AND INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER

Deepak Jain — 2023-12-31

Burning natural fuels is the primary source that is utilized in the creation of electricity and makes a substantial contribution to this process. This is because the process involves the generation of electricity. Carbon is present in a quantity that is abnormally high in comparison to the rest of its make-up. It is difficult for it to evolve in a short period of time since the process of development takes millions and millions of years. To put it another way, they are unable to be replenished, and once they have been used up, there is no way to get them back in any manner. Moreover, they cannot be replaced. The world is searching for alternative forms of energy such as sustainable energy in the hopes that they may one day be able to substitute the traditional energy sources that are now being used. The replacement of the conventional energy sources is the purpose of this investigation. In addition to the limited resources that are currently available, the contribution of renewable energy sources helps to partly meet the ever-increasing demand for energy that is brought on by a growing worldwide population. The availability of resources is not a concern since there is a large stockpile that will never be depleted. Every sustainable resource has a one-of-a-kind combination of benefits and drawbacks that are exclusive to that particular resource. Among them, photovoltaics (PV) are becoming increasingly important, and the output of wind energy is helping to fulfill the growing demand for energy that is being caused by growing populations as well as expanding businesses. Both of these factors are contributing to an increase in the need for energy. To put it another way, photovoltaic and wind energy are contributing to the effort to fulfill the rising need for energy. The installation of wind energy does not result in the production of gases that enter the atmosphere; nonetheless, the installation of wind energy is expensive and it poses a threat to animals that are airborne. The installation of wind energy does not result in the generation of any emissions that enter the atmosphere. In comparison to wind energy, solar power is better for the environment, less expensive to implement, more dependable, and does not contribute to the creation of greenhouse gases. In addition, solar electricity is more reliable. Solar energy also has a higher degree of dependability. The quantity of electricity that can be created from renewable sources is reliant on a number of critical factors, some of which include but are not limited to the temperature, the speed of the wind, and the amount of light that is available. The success of the process of changing traditional sources of energy into ones that are friendlier to the environment is impacted by several elements.

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT IN A SMART GRID ENVIRONMENT

Rohit Krishna Murti — 2023-12-31

Smart grid systems use demand side management (DSM). It improves power system dependability, sustainability, and efficiency. Utility companies use DSM to cut system capacity demand and save costs. Electricity providers use various pricing and incentive strategies to encourage residential consumers to engage in DSM load shifting programs. This maximizes earnings and reduces costs. The utility companies' DSM initiatives aim to reduce their systems' excessive energy consumption. DSM-participating residential consumers can also expect lower energy bills. Modern lifestyles and gadgets are increasing household energy needs at an alarming rate. To satisfy the nation's expanding electricity consumption and reduce emissions, sustainable on-site power generation is essential. Because of this, on-site renewable energy resources (RERs) are getting more attention than ever. Discontinuous RERs provide additional obstacle to operational management. Hence, RER energy utilisation requires effective energy management systems like DSM. DSM's intelligent implementation benefits utilities, consumers, and all of SG's stakeholders, who get many other benefits.

INTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES TO EXISTING NETWORKS AND THEIR IMPACTS

Amar Saraswat — 2023-12-31

The current transportation network was pressured to migrate from gasoline-powered cars to Electric Vehicles (EVs) to reduce emissions due to the environment. Hence, electronic cars will dominate future transportation networks. (EVs). Yet, unrestricted EV use in key infrastructure is disrupting power system operation. Electric vehicles can help fix the infrastructure's energy storage problem (EVs). Vehicles may help the grid by transferring energy or altering battery charge rates. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology refers to this. V2G requires a large vehicle inventory and a dependable communication network. Management and monitoring require a lot of processing power for optimal strategic functioning. V2G is restricted in emerging nations since it uses smart grids. The electricity-producing enterprise is dominated by thermal power plants. Hence, transitioning from internal combustion engines to electric cars will put more strain on conventional generation units, shifting pollutants from tailpipes to terminals. The electricity grid has to improve production to power more cars connected to it.

PERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Shweta Bansal — 2023-12-31

Renewable energy sources are becoming more important due to fossil fuel depletion and the risk that climate change would raise average temperatures and the frequency and intensity of catastrophic weather occurrences. The depletion of fossil resources and the widespread worry that climate change may increase the frequency and intensity of catastrophic weather occurrences are further factors. Climate change and the depletion of fossil resources are expected to aggravate all three of these causes in the coming decades. Solar energy can compete with fossil fuels and provide unlimited, ecologically beneficial electricity. Both options are promising for the energy business. Solar photovoltaic technology increases production and cost-effectiveness. Increase sunlight-to-electricity conversion. Shockley and Queisser found that light-to-electricity conversion has a maximum efficiency. Two scientists found this top limit. They found that a single-gap solar cell may peak at 30% efficiency. Intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) can exceed this barrier with a theoretical efficiency limit of 63% under maximum light concentration, maximum absorption, and well-tuned energy levels below the bandgap. This allows breaking the restriction. This is because IBSCs have a higher maximum absorption rate than regular solar cells. IBSCs have an intermediate band (IB) between a material's valence and conduction bands. This band absorbs two photons below the bulk material's bandgap. It performs this way. The band's goal. This method aims to use more of the solar spectrum to harvest more solar energy. Quantum dot (QD) architectures introduced unique energy levels within single-bandgap devices, which were utilised to construct IBSCs as intermediary levels. Quantum dot (QD) architectures incorporated these energy levels into the devices. Quantum dot (QD) structures incorporated these unique energy levels into the devices, making them practical and functional. The most extensive QD-IBSC research has focused on InAs and GaAs devices. InAs QDs implanted into GaAs provide intermediate energy levels for sub-bandgap photon absorption. The significant thermal escape of carriers from the IB to the CB causes the quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) to lose open-circuit voltage (VOC) and absorption volume. Carriers' substantial heat escape causes these issues. These issues stem from carriers losing a lot of heat energy. These issues stem from carriers wasting a lot of heat. This is done to improve device-level understanding of InAs/GaAs QDSCs. To clarify, the purpose is to examine the causes of QDSCs' underperformance and provide remedies.

SOME PHOTONIC CRYSTAL BASED INTERCONNECTING AND LOGIC DEVICES FOR PIC

Kaushal Kumar — 2023-12-31

As demand for high-speed data processing grows, next-generation computing systems will need all-optical signal processing circuits and logic devices. This is because data processing demands are growing. Silicon-based Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) provide a good basis for such devices since they are high-performance, low-power, and compatible with CMOS manufacturing. This makes them suitable for such devices. They can be used to implement such devices. The photonic band gap (PBG), self-collimation, and slow-light propagation of Photonic Crystal (PhC) make it a suitable substrate for silicon-based PICs. They include slowing light propagation, self-collimation, and self-collimation. PhC is a strong candidate for silicon-based PICs. Another benefit of PhC is its versatility in photonic integrated circuits. This opens various design possibilities (PICs). Nevertheless, a review of PhC-based devices for PICs shows that linear optical phenomena-based isolators, waveguide bends, decoders, and adders need to be designed efficiently. Developing PhC-based PIC devices shows this necessity. PhC-based devices for PICs demonstrate this need. Demanding this made it public. The market's deficit necessitates matching demand. The thesis will focus on this. This thesis lists five contributions, which will be briefly explored below. Donations help achieve these aims. An all-optical isolator that uses light beam interference was proposed as a solution. First proposed solution. This isolator is supported by a two-dimensional silicon rods-in-air square lattice PhC.

ROUTING AND SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT IN ELASTIC OPTICAL NETWORKS PERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Amit Pradhan — 2023-12-31

Researchers are struggling to create a high-speed communication system that meets society's present needs. Because internet traffic demand is rising rapidly. Internet bandwidth consumption is rising rapidly. Information exchange enables real-time multimedia applications, e-science, video on demand, online banking, electronically accessible equipment, online auction services, video-conferencing, big-data files, and more. Data transfer is likely due to the fast development of high-speed communication networks. This need required new electronic networks and platforms since conventional ones couldn't meet it. An optical network might supply this need. Fibers enable massive capacity, reliable communication across long distances, and reduced user downtime in optical networks. Fixed grid Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks are unlikely to function for future uses. High-speed communication and data transfer are in demand. This resulted. This preset grid system led researchers to study adjustable grid solutions with expandable bandwidth. Inefficient resource consumption caused this. Flexible grid generates subdivisions within the set grid channel bandwidth. This is done by gridding the channel. This will divide the channel's resources. Slot width, modulation format, and connection demands define the number of continuous slots. We estimate that the slot bandwidth is 12.5 GHz on average, however it might vary from 6.25 GHz to 12.5 GHz (as per ITU-T Recommendation). The greatest communication reach between the source and destination nodes will determine the modulation strategy. We have worked hard to find the best elastic optical network bandwidth allocation method.

DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNASPERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Ashwani kumar — 2023-12-31

Throughout the last several decades, engineering, science, and technology have evolved, making cellular technologies and gadgets more advanced and smaller. Some changes caused this. Modern technology requires antennas to be versatile. They include flexibility, multifunctionality, and ease of configuration. This prevents the use of traditional antennas, which cannot be altered. In an ever-changing RF environment, you need a smart, flexible antenna. Dynamic antenna adaptability is achieved by reconfiguring antenna parameters. This approach is now the most popular. It's the most popular way since it improves antenna performance. Because of this, the system's efficacy and the organization's adaptability may be improved. FRAs are an example. This antenna changes frequency. This antenna can enhance bandwidth utilization, reduce channel interference, lower system cost, and simplify operation. A PRA can help reduce multipath effects and fading-induced wireless channel loss. The PRA can change the antenna's polarity. This loss happens when the transmitter and receiver are not aligned, in addition to the loss that occurs when they are not. Frequency reprocessing becomes more likely, which can boost system capabilities. An RPRA can also boost gain, minimize power communication, and improve system capabilities. Reducing unwanted signal interference achieves this (radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna). Today, reconfiguration may be done using any of the four methods: substrate-based, substrate-based and electrical, mechanical, or photonic.

ELIMINATION OF OCULAR ARTIFACTS FROM EEG SIGNALS USING ADAPTIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUESPERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Vineet Dahiya — 2023-12-31

Mind-machine connections have captivated humans since their conception. From conception, this has been true. Neurobiology and engineering advances are making this notion more feasible. This allows future research to increase human mental and physical talents and even regain them. BCI research has several possible uses. These uses include entertainment, education, telepresence, human evolution, and debunking lies. Brain-computer interfaces were initially developed to help severely handicapped persons communicate. Early BCI systems had sluggish velocities, a high error rate, hypersensitivity to disturbances, and complexity, making it challenging to create real-world systems. New computer and bio-detecting technology has extended brain-computer interface applications (BCIs). Because of this, these technologies may be used for both assistive and public applications. The brain-computer interface (BCI) receives brain impulses, interprets them, and sends instructions to a computer depending on the brain signal. Sequence happens. Depending on the extent of intrusion needed, BCI techniques can be intrusive, semi-invasive, or non-invasive. Invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are inserted during neurosurgery to capture brain activity. BCIs investigate neurological patients. As the BCI is non-invasive, researchers are exploring its usage beyond restorative applications.

PASSIVE WIRELESS INDUCTIVE CAPACITIVE LC SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR PROCESS PARAMETERSPERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Puja Acharya — 2023-12-31

As a result of the rapid development that is taking place in a variety of commercial applications, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the processing of food and medication, nuclear power plants, and various biological applications, amongst other fields, there has been an increase in the demand for various new technologies. This demand has led to an increase in the availability of a variety of new technologies. The quick development that is taking place in these industrial applications is likely the cause of this demand. In order to facilitate the development of systems that are both safer and more effective, researchers are concentrating their efforts on the creation of surveillance techniques that are both accessible and inactive. These techniques will evaluate a variety of physical characteristics. These methods will evaluate the characteristics of the surroundings in which a system is operating. It is imperative that the characteristics of volume, pressure, flowrate, and emptiness percentage for two-phase flows be continuously monitored and evaluated. These characteristics are among the most crucial ones for a wide range of disciplines, and it is important to note that they play important roles. In addition, when working with processes that consist of two stages, these characteristics are required to be taken into consideration. The research that has been done in this area has presented a number of different methodologies that can be utilised in order to determine the aforementioned characteristics. These methodologies have the potential to be utilised in a variety of settings. The current body of research has led to the development of instruments that are capable of electronically measuring level, pressure, flowrate, and empty percentage independently of any active power source. These instruments have been created as a result of the research that is currently being conducted. The accumulation of this corpus of knowledge has made it feasible to produce these tools, which would not have been possible otherwise. The passive detection technology known as inductive-capacitive (LC) has been selected as the methodology of measurement that will be implemented for wireless applications. This technology will be used to determine signal strength. In the first piece of research, an LC sensing technology-based noncontact wireless inactive level sensor is introduced. This sensor does not require any physical contact. This instrument is a component of the surveillance device for the inactive level. This monitor is very mobile and does not have any attachments or connections that require it to make physical contact with anything.

A CHEAP 3D METAL PRINTER: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Asha Sohal — 2023-12-31

The creation of 3D data is accomplished using a process known as additive manufacturing (AM), which is also known as 3D printing. The term for this type of production is additive. The use of materials that are based on metal is growing. It comes at a high cost and has restricted applications. Because of this, getting access to technology can be difficult for smaller and medium-sized businesses. This project will construct a low-cost 3D metal printer in order to take use of the possibilities offered by the technology. This article explains how a low-cost 3D metal printer may be made, how it operates, and how much it costs, in addition to discussing MIG welding and electrical connection. The newly conceived low-cost 3D metal printer is currently undergoing testing to ensure its accuracy and quality. The data from computer-aided design applications and the structural accuracy of 3D printed models are compared (CAD programs). In order to evaluate the interlayer bonding, cross-sectional pictures acquired by a SEM were made of each sample. According to the findings of the experiment, the recently invented low-cost 3D metal printer is capable of producing an adequate metal structure. Hence, despite the fact that we have considered the possibility of making use of the response that was supplied, it also leaves room for future inquiry, particularly with regard to the extent to which the degree of precision that was observed exceeded what was necessary.

A SMART GRID ENHANCED WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVED ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Rishabh Arora — 2023-12-31

Renewable energy and other clean distributed generation are expanding, reducing carbon and other air pollution. Decentralized energy sources and rising electricity demand exacerbate grid instability. Peak electricity demand, grid demand and generation balance, and cost reduction depend on electrical load forecasting. These methods also control peak electrical consumption. This thesis uses short-term electrical demand forecasting to improve grid resiliency, power quality, and volatility. Yet, electrical data forecasting is problematic since the data are neither steady or linear. It's complicated. Artificial intelligence-based load forecasting systems are more accurate since they use past load data. This thesis models and simulates Jajpur, Orissa, in India. The city's historical electrical and meteorological statistics are considered. This data modeling will allow the network to estimate energy consumption and peak load on the Jajpur power grid one day in advance. This work improves energy management, grid stability, and peak demand regulation.

ANALYSIS OF BLADE STRESS AND VIBRATION IN A WIND TURBINE (A NREL 5MW)

Abhishek Chaudhary — 2023-12-31

Energy-efficient wind turbines with longer lifespans are needed. Current energy industry advances need this necessity. So, knowing how load conditions affect wind turbine functioning is crucial. This field studies steady-state stresses and deformations. "The vibration characteristics of the NREL offshore 5-MW blade (HAWT)" were tested and studied (126 m). SOLIDWORKS created the 3D wind turbine blade model, which was exported to ANSYS/Workbench19 for finite element numerical simulation. The wind turbine blade was tested in a steady condition at its maximum rated power (12.1 rpm). This study generated wind blade parts from three different materials: carbon fiber reinforced plastic, E-glass fiber, and Kevlar. The outcomes revealed "the von-Mises stresses, total deformations, first ten natural frequencies, and mode morphologies of the NREL 5-MW wind turbine blade. Steady-state" research showed that carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) produced the fewest stresses, making it the best material. CFRP was best. Hence, CFRP should be used. Vibration research showed that CFRP material has the maximum structural stiffness. It also lacks high frequencies and mode formations. This interpretation was right.

CAPACITY ON WIRELESS QUANTUM CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Shweta Bansal — 2023-12-31

In recent years, there has been a skyrocketing increase in the number of people looking for ways to communicate wirelessly. The introduction of 5G connection will quickly spread over the entire planet in the near future. The next generation of communications, the fourth generation, will have capability that is inferior to that of these. It is projected that wireless communication would evolve to the sixth generation, often known as 6G, between the years 2027 and 2030. Artificial intelligence will be used to power this system. The capacity of the 5G system has to be increased, along with improvements to its data speed, latency, "security, and quality of service (QoS). This paper outlines the fundamentals of 6G wireless communication as well as the network architecture that supports it. Applications and technologies for 6G communications are also provided, such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, wireless optical technology, free-space optical network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, cellfree communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integrated sensing and communication, integrated accessbackhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, and holographic communications. Holographic communications are also provided. In addition, we give an outline of the various obstacles that may be encountered as well as the research needs that are essential to achieve this goal".

IMPRESSION CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM (7079)-BASED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES PERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Asha Sohal — 2023-12-31

The objective of the current study is to evaluate the impression creep behavior of Aluminum-based Carbon Fiber reinforced Metal Matrix Composites for three different temperatures, namely, room temperature, 100oC, and 200oC, while applying a constant load of 2 kg, and to find the steady-state creep rates as well as the creep mechanism that is taking place. In this specific test, a cylindrical indenter that has a flat end is used to make a shallow imprint on the surface of the specimen". This imprint is then examined. This imprint is created on the specimen as it is being stressed, and the tension is what gives it its shape. In order to produce an impression creep curve, the penetration depth at a certain tension is measured as a function of time. This is done so that an impression creep curve may be produced. When the load is held constant, it may be possible to identify a link between the normal creep curve and the impression creep curve. Both of these creep curves show deformation over time. The method is done out a number of times, with the temperature being altered in a new way for each iteration. Examining the imprint creep curve is one way to gain an understanding of the creep qualities possessed by the specimens. Under the context of this examination, the specimens stand in for four separate classes of carbon. For the course of one minute and thirty seconds, readings of the deflection are recorded. A plot of an impression creep curve is going to be done so that the creep behavior may be determined.

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO POWER SYSTEM MODELS FOR ORDER REDUCTIONPERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM DOT BASED INTERMEDIATE BAND SOLAR CELLS

Rohit Krishna Murti — 2023-12-31

Recent progress in the energy industry may be attributed in large part to the incorporation of sustainable development practices that make use of renewable energy (RE) systems (RESs). In the realm of large-scale power production, sources such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are currently in the driver's seat as the most promising and environmentally friendly power generators. Sustainability and electricity that is gentler on the environment have emerged as defining aspects of both social development and technological advancement. The consistent increase in energy demand as well as the depletion of well-known non-RES sources such as coal and petroleum derivatives have prompted experts to focus their attention on developing alternative energy sources that are less harmful to the environment. Because the present sources can be depleted and have their limits, there is a growing cause for worry over the high level of environmental deterioration. The issues that were caused by traditional sources of energy may be alleviated by embracing energy assets that are sustainable, generally endless, earth-friendly, and have no limit to their production. It is reasonable to expect that the most environmentally benign and potentially lucrative future power generating sources will be renewable energy sources because of their low impact on the environment. Recently, special interests have been emphasized by the researchers towards the development of various sub-categories of the power sector in order to improve the adoption of RE integrated-sources throughout the world for the societal need in the current scenarios. This has occurred in response to recent developments.

ISO 10816-3 SAFETY FACTOR OF SHIP PUMP VIBRATIONS BASED ON NATURAL FREQUENCY

Mandan Mishra — 2023-12-31

Routine ship maintenance is crucial for operating components. Life cycle management or operational cycle management both apply. In this case, the ship's engines, particularly those in the engine room, which has a reasonable degree of built-in safety, allow for quick damage assessment. This page describes diverse equipment, including the pump system. Pump systems can have one or many pumps. This research develops a shipboard centrifugal pump vibration monitoring system. The researchers will link equipment directly to centrifugal pumps to do this. The study approach involved connecting six accelerometer sensors to a DAQ and a PC to conduct experiments. According to the research, pump vibrations at 24.7 Hz exceed the natural pump frequency of 20 Hz, or 1200 revolutions per minute. Pumps' native frequency is 20 Hz. Pump system fractures can occur when pump vibration frequencies exceed 20 Hz. ISO 10816-3 applies.

THERMOPLASTIC STARCH BIO-COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH SISAL FIBER FOR IMPROVED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Sriram Yadav — 2023-12-31

Natural fiber reinforced composites in non-structural components have increased recently. The auto industry shows this tendency most clearly. The US exemplifies this. Short, random fibers commonly cause discontinuities in these composites. These factors contribute to the matrix's unequal stress distribution when loaded. Low strain rates accelerate composite material deterioration due to its non-uniform stress distribution. Due to non-uniform stress distribution. Composite materials woven into a reinforcing pattern may solve this problem. Nonetheless, most textile properties affect composite performance. This research focuses on static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of fabric-reinforced polymer composites. Examples include tensile and flexural stresses. The matrix, reinforcement, and composites make up the thesis work. The first cross-linking of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with Glutaraldehyde (GA) for a variety of volume fractions is done utilizing pressure compression and a vacuum. This is the first step.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS

Ajay Kumar — 2023-12-31

challenges that are of significant importance to modal analysis test engineers are investigated. Automated modal analysis, which is being developed right now in a wide variety of facilities all over the world at the present, is to blame for the problems that have arisen as a result of it. The choice of model structures is the first obstacle, and the real-time modal analysis is the second. Both of these Challenges must be overcome. These two types of difficulties can be categorized separately to make the issues simpler to understand. Each of these groups have ties that bind them to one another in a variety of different ways. Before commencing the experimental modal analysis, it is extremely important to first appropriately handle the initial problem. This must be done before the study can even begin. It is imperative that this step be taken in order to ensure that the outcomes of the analysis are reliable and truthful. The solution to the second problem that had been encountered made it much easier to use modal analysis in the process of determining whether or not mechanical structures are showing signs of degradation. This was made possible as a result of the resolution to the second problem that had been encountered. Discussion will take place throughout the presentations on a variety of issues, including the methodology, the implementation of the program, and the case studies.

APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS IN SOLVING COMPLEX PROBLEMS

Ashwani kumar — 2023-12-31

In conventional power systems, the power plants are in charge of controlling the flow of electricity, and the production of electricity is timed to follow the capacity demand on an instantaneous basis. The utility corporations exercise centralized control over the flow of power, which is fundamentally unidirectional in nature and is carried out in this fashion. In the power networks of the future, a growing percentage of renewable energy sources will be implemented in a dispersed manner across the load centers. The utility businesses may or may not be aware of the power production that comes from these various energy sources. A sizeable percentage of them are going to be connected to the distribution network in the area that is geographically closest to the cargoes. As a result of the fact that distributed renewable sources are not capable of being dispatched, it is not feasible to ascertain the entire instantaneous power generation from these sources. It is anticipated that increased utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources will introduce dynamic disturbance to the alternating current power supply. It is possible that the electricity quality to essential loads will deteriorate.

MULTI-USER MIMO SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATION

Rishabh Arora — 2023-12-31

Multi-User MIMO (MU- newline IMO) devices have established themselves as the technique of choice for successfully fulfilling the prerequisites. newline An exhaustive simulation was carried out so that the performance of newlines could be evaluated within the context of this research project. the performance of the Error (BER) for a number of different single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) and multi user newline IMO (MU-MIMO) systems. The work that needs to be done for the thesis is separated into three different phases. An investigation into methods for increasing the channel capacity of the MIMO system through the implementation of the water-filling newline newline algorithm is carried out during the initial phase of the newline process. The BER performance of STBC and Orthogonal-STBC using ZF and MMSE newline equalization techniques demonstrates that, the MMSE equalization techniques indicates that for newline achieving a BER 10 -3 much lower SNR 12 dB is essential in comparison to ZF equalizer newline systems. This is demonstrated by the fact that the BER performance of STBC and Orthogonal-STBC using ZF and MMSE newline equalization techniques demonstrates that. MIMO systems are investigated in the second phase using precoded orthogonal space- newline time block codes (OSTBC) that have been optimized with the help of an evolutionary algorithm. The OSTBC made efforts to advance the newline project. The evolutionary algorithm suggests that the BER 10-3 can be achieved with a much lower SNR of 5 dB newline for MMSE equalisation. This is in contrast to the conventional wisdom. Implementing bacterial foraging optimized newline block diagonalization precoding for a multi-user MIMO system is part of the third phase. This is done in order to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the newline various fading channels. These channels include Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m, and and#945; -and#956; fading channels. newline Theoptimization of the Block Diagonalization process using the bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm demonstrates that the proposed technique significantly improves the performance of the Block Diagonalization method in all four fading channels. This was demonstrated by the fact that the proposed technique significantly improved the performance of the Block Diagonalization method. This suggests that the Nakagami-m channel, which has the lowest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 2.3 dB and accomplishes the lowest bit error rate (BER) of 10-3, is the one that is best suitable for the applications that are used in contemporary communication and network systems.

DISTRIBUTED CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION IN POWER SYSTEMS

Kaushal Kumar — 2023-12-31

In the traditional power system, power plants are responsible for regulating power flow to meet load demand. However, with the increasing use of dispersed renewable energy sources, the power flow is becoming more complex and unidirectional. This can lead to voltage instability and poor power quality for critical loads. To address these issues, distributed control techniques are being developed to manage the power flow from renewable energy sources. This paper presents a review of the current state of distributed control techniques for renewable energy integration in power systems. Various approaches are discussed, including back-to-back electric springs, bidirectional buck-boost converters, and distributed control for electric water heaters. The paper also discusses the use of control techniques for single-phase grid-connected renewable converters with minimal energy storage, as well as the use of hysteresis band current controllers for inverter switching actions. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research in distributed control techniques for renewable energy integration in power systems. The distribution network will be connected to a sizeable number of them near to the loads. Since dispersed renewable sources cannot be dispatched, it is impossible to estimate the entire instantaneous power output from these sources. It is anticipated that the ac power supply would become dynamically unstable when intermittent renewable energy sources are used more often. It could make power quality poorer for crucial loads.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OFF-GRID HYBRID SOLAR PV AND WIND TURBINE POWER SYSTEM FOR MOBILE TOWERS

Neeraj Kumar — 2023-12-31

The currently operating mobile tower for newline is powered by the local power grid and has a cumbersome system. newline Because the current system requires the constant oversight of a single trained professional, newline is prohibitively expensive. At the moment, a battery storage system is one of the most important newline needs for telecom towers. In addition, a health monitoring system that is integrated into the newline provides a longer life cycle for the battery. The primary focus of the planned study is on standing newline towers that are powered by unaccompanied hybrid solar PV and wind turbine power systems that are off grid and free from telecom requirements. newline Inaccessible mobile towers generate power continuously, monitor the threshold voltage, and supply energy directly to telecom towers while simultaneously newline storing the energy into battery backup. The microcontroller oversees the entire system and is responsible for monitoring the threshold voltage. In order to derive the maximum amount of useful power from the hybrid solar PV power system, it is necessary to track the sun's rays using a controller that has an in-built Maximum Power Points Trackers newline (MPPTs) algorithm. Similarly, if you want to get more power out of a wind turbine newline generator, you may do it by utilizing a wind tracker, which then causes the wind turbine generator to create the best possible newline energy. Using DC-DC boost newline converters allowed for the generation of ideal energy that was then stored within the system.

Power Quality Improvement using Shunt Active Power Filters

Neeraj Kumar — 2023-12-31

Because of its lower power consumption in comparison to linear load, non-linear load is gaining popularity at an increasing rate. In spite of the fact that power electronic equipment makes our lives easier, it also contributes to the harmonics that are present in the power system. Because of the influence that these harmonics have on the amplitude and character of the source current as well as the performance of the system, power quality has become a very severe issue. provides information on the necessity of clean power, harmonics, and the effect that they have on the power system. Harmonic examination of a variety of nonlinear loads, as well as a narrative on harmonic norms and standards. The need of installing certain corrective measures in the system so that the problem may be solved by reducing the amount of harmonic energy used in both the single-phase supply and the three-phase supply. describe the shunt active power filter this chapter explains all you need to know about the SAF and how it works as a harmonic compensator. A discussion is held on its operations, design, and configuration. The shunt active power filter is more adaptable, better damped, and less prone to failure than other active power filters. Because the performance of SAPF is dependent on the control algorithm used for reference current generation, which is then used as reference for filter current, the third chapter describes the various control techniques that are used for active filter operation. PWM generation using reference current is the primary focus of this discussion. Last but not least, this filter current is put to use for the purpose of compensating for harmonics. By doing so, harmonic reduction and an improvement in power quality are both possible.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN WIRELESS SENSING AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Deepak Jain — 2023-12-31

In 1971, Leon Chua was the first person to propose the memristor as the fourth fundamental two-terminal passive circuit element. Chua based his proposal on the symmetry of equations describing fundamental circuit elements. This device is distinguished by the fact that the voltage applied to its input might alter the value of its instantaneous resistance. The instantaneous resistance is a non-volatile quantity since it continues to exist in the circuit even when the voltage applied to the input is removed. During the next ten years, it is anticipated that there will be a physical limit placed on the size of nanoscale CMOS transistors. Creating novel nanoscale components with distinctive functions and dynamics is one of the long-term goals of the Beyond CMOS project. Memristive devices, spintronics, molecular electronics, quantum computers, and generic electronic components with unique state variables stored in resistance, photons, flux, and other things are some examples of these technologies. These research areas are not yet ready to be included into standard CMOS manufacturing practices as they are still in the early stages of development. It is necessary to research and create novel devices that are able to surpass typical similar CMOS implementations in order to accommodate this need. One example of this kind of gadget is the memristor. With the success of the memristor, Di Ventra, Pershin, and Chua expanded the concept of memory circuit components to capacitive and inductive systems, respectively, and invented the memcapacitor and the meminductor. Both of these inventions followed in the footsteps of the memristor. It is believed that a research team at Hewlett-Packard (HP) in California, led by Stanley Williams, was responsible for the creation of the world's first memristor in the year 2008.

Elastic Optical Networks (EON) and their advantages over fixed grid Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks.

Surender Yadav — 2023-12-31

Researchers are finding it difficult to establish a high-speed communication system that can meet the needs of society in the current environment since the demand for internet traffic is increasing at such a rapid rate. Real-time multimedia applications, E-science, video on demand, online banking, remotely accessible equipment, online auction services, video-conferencing, big-data files, and so on are only some of the services that are made possible by the quick and dynamic transmission of information. The increase in data traffic can be attributed to the rapid development of high-speed communication technology. The conventional electronic networks and channels were not capable of meeting the requirements of this demand. The optical network is a potentially useful option to meet the requirements of this demand. Optical networks rely on fibers because they allow for tremendous capacity and enable dependable communication across great distances with a minimum of latency. Because of the increasing demand for high-speed communication as well as high-speed networks for data transmission, conventional Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks, also known as fixed grid technology, are not likely to be viable for applications that may emerge in the near future. Due to problems with inefficient resource usage, this technology based on a fixed grid prompted researchers to investigate technologies based on flexible grids that provide an elastic spectrum. The bandwidth of the fixed grid channel is partitioned into slots using flexible grid technology. This results in the channel having segmented bandwidth. The amount of contiguous slots that are allotted is determined by the number of connection requests that are made, the slot width, and the modulation format. Although we estimate slot width to be 12.5 GHz on average, it may really be anywhere between 6.25 and 12.5 GHz (as per ITU-T Recommendation). The length of the transmission reach between the source node and the destination node determines the modulation format that will be used.

Investigating the performance of carbon nanomaterial-based interconnects for VLSI applications as a potential alternative to traditional copper interconnects.

Krishana Karak — 2023-12-31

In comparison to the traditional and widely accepted copper connection, the performance of MLGNR interconnects is going to be improved thanks to the research presented in this thesis. For the purpose of simulating VLSI interconnects, several nanomaterials based on carbon are utilized. These nanomaterials include MLGNR, vertical MLGNR, Cu-MCNT composite, Cu-GNR hybrid, and Cu-Carbon hybrid. For a variety of potential IRDS technology nodes, spanning from 11 nm to 7 nm, and for a variety of connection lengths, including local, intermediate, and global, the performance of many different carbon nanomaterial-based interconnects is investigated in depth. As compared to copper interconnects, the impact of intercalation doping on the performance of ML-GNR interconnects and their signal integrity is investigated. By the reduction of a variety of performance and reliability characteristics, optimization of the MLGNR connection dimensions (width, thickness, and aspect ratio) is carried out. We used numerical analysis to devise a method for determining an algorithm that would assess the optimal aspect ratio in order to maximize the electrothermal performance and reliability, as well as to reduce the amount of noise and power consumption. This approach does not involve the use of SPICE, hence it has the potential to be of great benefit to the industry when choosing the aspect ratio of interconnects.

The Role of Structural Innovation in the Emergence of Modernity and the Relationship between Media and Modernity

Puja Acharya — 2023-12-31

Antenna reconfiguration has been a standard process for a significant amount of time. During the 1930s, calibrated variable phase changers were utilized to steer the nulls of a two-element array in order to obstruct the direction in which the signal was arriving. At the beginning, Bruce and Beck stretched the wires of the rhombic antenna using a motor and some weights to achieve the desired size change. The lengths of the rhombus elements and the internal angles were modified by modifying the distance between the antenna's primary axis, and the beam was guided by modifying the shape of the rhombic wire antenna. Research on antenna reconfiguration has been going on since World War Two. In the beginning, the only business that required reconfigurable antennas was the military industry. This was so they could determine the target's direction as well as other qualities. With today's modern communications systems, reconfigurable antennas are also utilized. 1G was originally used for phone calling, but today 5G is used for video conferencing. In addition to that, we still have a long way to go before we reach 6G. Yet, certain challenges are attracting the attention of scholars. The vast number of devices has led to an increase in the frequency of data packet collisions, which in turn has led to an increase in the energy requirements of the system. Having a high bandwidth might solve this problem. Yet, because of the limited frequency range, we are going to have to develop new technologies. Beamforming or pattern reconfigurable antennas are two types of antennas that can overcome this challenge by sending data in the direction that was intended. The most common and widely used method for beam switching is the use of beamforming antennas. On the other hand, it has a few drawbacks, such as restricted scanning angles, a high amount of side lobes, and variable gain in the main lobe. In this particular scenario, pattern reconfigurable antennas have the potential to play a significant part due to the fact that they enable switching of the antenna main beam in any of the 360 degrees of azimuth direction. If some other qualities, like as multibeam radiation, polarization, and the capacity to reconfigure beamwidth, are incorporated, it is possible that the single antenna will have further benefits. By doing so, the same antenna is able to conduct reconfigurability in a number of different attributes. On the azimuth plane, many user devices can be grouped together at the same time in a variety of different directions.

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTROCODEPOSITED NI SIC COMPOSITE COATINGS

Kaushal Kumar — 2023-12-31

Metal matrix composites are made by electrodepositing Cu–Ni composites with nanoparticles to microparticles. Electrodeposition makes metal matrix composites. This chapter will explain electrodeposition to meet its purpose. Particles in the metal matrix improved electronics, mechanics, electrochemistry, and corrosion. Corrosion resistance enabled these improvements. Electronics researchers have revealed improved magnetic characteristics and endurance in microactuators. The material's mechanical characteristics testing showed that its tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance, and shear adhesion had enhanced. The material's mechanical property testing informed these conclusions. Metal matrix coatings outperformed pure Cu–Ni in corrosion resistance. As nanoparticles are now more accessible, research and development on metal matrix composites that can be electrodeposited at reduced temperatures and costs has increased. Cu–Ni composite coatings have been studied less. Due of their benefits, composite coatings need additional research.

RESEARCH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL COMPOSITES FOR USE IN CONSTRUCTION

Ritu Jha — 2023-12-31

Eco-friendly technology is popular for several reasons. These include natural fiber availability and accessibility. Researchers are investigating natural fiber reinforcement. Natural fibers' benefits may explain this desire. Natural fibers adapt. They are biodegradable, non-toxic, non-abrasive, renewable, inexpensive, low-density, and easy to acquire. They also dissolve after usage. This research restricted labor to four periods. Unsaturated polyester's tensile and curing characteristics were studied. Phase one began here. This experiment employed various styrene monomer concentrations. Dimethyl Aniline (NNDMA) increased the process, whereas MEKP catalyzed it. Water content affects exothermic activity and mechanical characteristics. This determined their connection. This research studied both sites. According to study, unsaturated polyester resin curing and mechanical qualities depend on styrene content. Styrenes form. Water influences initiator and accelerator systems, lowering matrix mechanical characteristics. Both procedures require water. These processes require water, confirming this.

SPOT WELDING AA5451 WITH BRASS FOIL INTERLAYER TO IMPROVE RESISTANCE TAGUCHI METHODE

Rishabh Arora — 2023-12-31

This study examined how RSW factors effect AA5451 connections with brass foil interlayers. Welding values were 12750 and 13500 Amps, 40 and 45 Bar, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 seconds. Squeezing and holding took 1.98 seconds in all scenarios. As an interlayer, we used 0.1-millimeter copper foil (C26800) and 1-millimeter AA5451. Shear testing verified the welded specimen's absolute power. Taguchi and Minitab were used to assess shear force test data. The data showed that increasing pressure on the joint decreased its tensile force, whereas increasing welding current increased it. Shear force was decreased from 1.2 to 1.4 seconds but substantially higher from 1.4 to 1.6 seconds due to welding duration. Foil increased joint tensile force by 16%. The best conditions for welding brass foil were 13500 Amps, 40 Bar electrode pressure, and 1.6 seconds. This study constructed a theoretical shear force model based on welding parameters.

THE APPLICATION OF A NUMBER OF MORE SOPHISTICATED SVPWM METHODS FOR MULTILEVEL INVERTERSE

Kaushal Kumar — 2023-12-31

The Multi-level Inverters, or MLIs, are used extensively in applications ranging from medium to high power across many different industries. MLIs convert the voltage coming from various DC sources into stair case AC voltage across the load. The output voltage of the MLI becomes closer and closer to becoming a sinusoidal wave as the number of levels increases. This results in a number of benefits, including an enhanced harmonic spectrum of voltage and current, a lower dv/dt across the switch, less switching losses, and an increase in efficiency. Yet, the performance of the inverter is not just dependent on the number of levels in the output; rather, it is also dependent on the sort of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) approach that is utilized. Due to greater usage of DC bus voltage, lower THD level, reduced common mode voltage, and increased practicality for digital implementation, the Space Vector (SV) based PWM technique is regarded to be the optimum option. The traditional SV algorithm, on the other hand, is more difficult to understand. Calculations in identifying sectors and subsectors, calculating switching times, and selecting the optimal Switching State Configuration (SSC) are required. These computations can be time-consuming and extensive. Researchers created a variety of SV algorithms in an effort to lessen the complexity of computation.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Amar Saraswat — 2023-12-31

In the last 20 years, interest in ecologically friendly materials has grown, resulting in more researchers studying natural fiber reinforced composites. Natural fiber reinforced composites are becoming more essential for this reason. This is one of the reasons natural fiber reinforced composites are becoming more popular. Natural fibers are a great alternative to expensive, non-renewable synthetic fibers. Natural fibers have replaced synthetic fibers in many applications. Natural fibers have replaced synthetic fibers in many applications due to their better characteristics. Several plant-based products use natural fibers. Natural fiber reinforced composites are lighter, cheaper, renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendlier than manufactured fibers like glass and graphite. Natural fiber reinforced composites are eco-friendly. In addition to their environmental benefits, natural fiber reinforced composites provide several advantages. Because natural fibers and their composites can be used in very demanding situations, it is crucial to analyze their potential.

OPTIMIZATION OF A HYBRID WIND-PV WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM WITH REDUCED PART COUNT USING INDUCTION MOTOR (IM) PUMP AND SEIG TECHNOLOGY

Krishana Karak — 2023-12-31

The need for renewable sources of energy for water pumping due to the growing global population and the associated increase in demand for water and power. The use of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels results in greenhouse gas emissions and increases the life cycle cost of pumps. Recent advancements in power electronics and drives have made renewable sources such as solar photovoltaic and wind power more accessible and affordable for use in water pumping systems. The primary objective of this research is to focus on the efficient operation and administration of a freestanding hybrid Wind-PV Water Purification System that utilizes an Induction Motor (IM) pump with a decreased part count. The study will concentrate on the performance of a solar photovoltaic (PV) fed boost converter and a bidirectional Voltage Source Converter (VSC) aided SEIG based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). The results of this research will contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the life cycle cost of water pumping systems. In order to make greater use of renewable energy sources, the primary objective of this research endeavor is to concentrate on the efficient operation and administration of a freestanding hybrid Wind-PV Water Purification System (WPS) that utilizes an Induction Motor (IM) pump with a decreased part count. In order to discuss the four significant contributions that this thesis makes, the issue statement that was described earlier is dissected into a solar PV fed boost converter and a bidirectional Voltage Source Converter (VSC) aided SEIG based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK THAT IS BOTH ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENT

Abhishek Chaudhary — 2023-12-31

A WSN is a network of many small sensor nodes with limited computing, communication, and power capabilities. Recent advances in MEMS and wireless communication have made sophisticated small-sized sensors conceivable. WSN has several pros and cons. Engineers must deal with energy, bandwidth, placement of nodes in risky areas, synchronization, communication, scalability, and reliability. Limited node connection is another. WSN lifetime is the period until the first node's battery dies or surpasses an energy threshold. Sensor nodes lose energy mostly via their transmitters. The transmitter's energy utilization depends on the amount of data and node distance. This thesis develops energy-saving algorithms. Distance-based dynamic duty cycle allocation conserves energy by broadcasting for a shorter duration for nodes farther from the cluster head. Yet, nodes closer to the cluster head broadcast longer (CH). ICIC, an inter- and intra-cluster energy reduction mechanism, has been proposed to reduce energy usage in multi-hop WSNs. The method presented determines intra-cluster duty cycle distribution as a function of a node's distance from the CH and selects the most energy-efficient inter-cluster communication path.

THE EFFECT OF FACTS DEVICES ON LOAD FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT IN A DEREGULATED POWER ENVIRONMENT, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT A VARIETY OF POWER SOURCES THAT ARE LINKED

Vineet Dahiya — 2023-12-31

This thesis presents research that focuses on the design of both traditional and intelligent control systems with the aim of acquiring the most effective load frequency (LFC) control solution possible. The research was conducted with the intention of acquiring the most effective load frequency (LFC) control solution. As a result of the liberalization of the energy sector and the growing usage of power electronics-based devices inside the power grid, researchers are paying an increasing amount of attention to the LFC problem. This is a direct consequence of both of these factors. The most cutting-edge LFC control algorithm has been the subject of a substantial amount of research and development over the course of the past several decades thanks to the huge amount of effort that has been put into its creation. Research and development of effective control algorithms for LFC are still areas that require a significant amount of attention and effort. This activity entails acquiring information, strategies, and other cognitive processes from a diverse range of sources, which may be found online and in print. Power transfer through old tie-lines that are working close to their nominal constraints as a result of the random nature of load variation can create low-frequency oscillations. These oscillations can be heard as a humming sound. This is because there is a growing need for load, as well as a considerable number of power systems that already have existing tie-lines. Both of these factors have contributed to this situation. Active research is being done in the field of study known as LFC in today's modern power systems. This field of study focuses on discovering strategies to suppress low-frequency oscillations and is named after its acronym. This research will ultimately result in a more fast reduction in low-frequency oscillations as a result of the establishment of a number of distinct intelligent control strategies that will be developed during the course of this research to improve the damping of the system.

THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND CATEGORIZATION OF WINDING DEFECTS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS

Amar Saraswat — 2023-12-31

The power transformer is the piece of equipment that plays the most important role in the power system. Enormous power transformers are among the components of any power system that are both the most expensive and the most strategic. The generation and transmission of electric power must have a reliable and consistent operation in order to be economically viable. Failures of transformers brought on by an unexpected or unanticipated power loss are one of the most expensive and costly of all events. As a result, a suitable maintenance strategy is essential in order to prevent unanticipated outages. Because of this, there is a pressing need for further research on detection and diagnosis techniques that are able to determine the state of the equipment. At the generating plants, the transformers are responsible for a significant role. The greatest producing capacity in India is 765 kilovolts, and the locations of the generating stations are often rather far from the load sites. So, the voltage needs to be stepped up to an extremely high value at various stages in order to convey electricity with minimal losses, and it needs to be stepped down to distribution voltage levels at substations. As a result, electricity is delivered in many stages at a variety of different system voltages. When seen from this perspective, the transformer is regarded as the most expensive asset of electricity utilities. In most cases, the estimated service life of a transformer falls anywhere between 20 and 30 years. The goal of the utilities company is to maximize the operating life of the transformer while minimizing the risk of it failing or breaking down. When the transformer insulation ages, the insulation paper shrinks, which results in a loss of clamping pressure and, ultimately, mechanical strength. The essential components of a transformer that are susceptible to failure are the insulation.

THE USE OF TAGUCHI AND NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PROCESS PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION IN MICRO AIR JET MACHINING OF FRC FIBER REINFORCED CERAMICS COMPOSITES

Aishwarya Shekhar — 2023-12-31

When compared to the properties of the individual components, the properties of a composite material, which is made up of more than two distinct materials that have significantly different physical and chemical properties, are entirely different. This is because a composite material is made up of more than two materials, each of which has its own unique set of properties. The usage of composite materials is ever-increasing as a direct result of the inherent properties of these materials, which include high levels of hardness and low weight. This trend may be directly attributed to the ever-increasing popularity of composite materials. After being combined with a wide variety of oxide constituents, the composite has significantly increased in strength. The method in which the reinforced components are disseminated throughout the matrix materials has an effect on the properties of the composites. In this experiment, an attempt was made to manufacture ceramic composite material by employing the process of powder metallurgy. The substance that served as the matrix was alumina with a particle size of 300 nm, and the material that served as the reinforcing was zirconium nfs with a particle size of 400 nm. The powdered forms of both of these substances were present. The presence of yttrium (Y2O3) phase in zirconium nfs powder enables the zirconium to keep its stability even when it is brought down to room temperature. Corundum is a kind of crystalline alumina that is quite hard, and it is the component that makes up alumina powder. In the current experiment, the composite being evaluated was created by adding 5, 10, and 15 percent by weight of ZrO2 nanofibers, which served as reinforcing material, to the matrix material. This combination was subjected to testing (Al2O3). When the specimens have been created in compliance with the specifications given by ASTM, X-ray diffraction is utilized to verify that the reinforcement particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the matrix material.

ENHANCING ANDROID DEVICE BATTERY LIFE WITH BATTERY SAVER FEATURE

Amar Saraswat — 2023-12-31

The Android operating system, embraced by over 70% of the global population, offers a myriad of cutting-edge features such as Mobile Hotspot, Calling, Texting, Gaming, WIFI, Bluetooth, and more, all encapsulated in devices small enough to fit in the palm of one's hand. Renowned for its open platform, Android is gaining widespread popularity, providing users easy access to a wealth of new content and applications owing to its open-source code. At its core, Android relies on the Linux kernel, and with the increasing activation of Android devices each day, effective power management poses a significant challenge. The prevailing issue revolves around the relatively short battery life, an uncommon occurrence in today's smartphones, which are equipped with power-intensive technologies like GPS, 3G, and 3GS. To address this, a novel strategy employing a learning engine is proposed. This approach, devoid of a client-server architecture, monitors user behavior concerning app usage, battery consumption, and contextual factors. The learning engine then processes this data over time to dynamically optimize cellphone features, reflecting a user-centric approach that eschews predetermined power-saving profiles.

SMART ENHANCING EMAIL ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH VOICE-BASED COMMUNICATION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

Deepak Jain — 2023-12-31

Since it makes it so easy for people to access knowledge, information, and communication tools, the internet has emerged as a crucial component of contemporary living. Individuals with vision impairments, however, frequently need outside help and have significant difficulty accessing these features. With the aid of screen readers, audio-based environments, and other features that facilitate workplace navigation, computers have created a world of possibilities for those who are visually impaired. Using the most recent technological developments, a voice-based email system has been developed that enables people with visual impairments to write and receive emails without the help of a third party. Speech recognition has become more crucial in a variety of applications, including those for home appliances, schooling, and medical procedures.

REINVENTING THE CLASSIC BRICK-BREAKING ARCADE GAME

Puja Acharya — 2023-12-31

Breakout Ball is a classic arcade game that has been popular since the 1970s. The game involves a player controlling a paddle at the bottom of the screen, with the goal of bouncing a ball to hit and destroy a wall of bricks at the top of the screen. In this research paper, we explore the implementation of the Breakout Ball game using the Java programming language.
Our approach involves creating an object-oriented design for the game, using various Java classes to represent the game components, such as the ball, paddle, bricks, and game board. We also use Java libraries, such as the Java Swing library, to create the graphical user interface for the game
We discuss the algorithms and techniques used in the game logic, such as collision detection, ball movement, and scoring. We also explore multithreading to ensure smooth game play and handle user input in real-time.
Finally, we evaluate the performance of our implementation, measuring factors such as frame rate and memory usage, and comparing our implementation to existing implementations of the Breakout Ball game. Our implementation demonstrates the power and flexibility of Java for creating interactive, graphical applications.

REVOLUTIONIZING ROAD SAFETY STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING VEHICLE ACCIDENTS

Vineet Dahiya — 2023-12-31

Educational institutions have recently come to understand the value of student input in enhancing the entire teaching and learning process. A cutting-edge web tool called the Online Feedback System (OFS) was created exclusively for schools and colleges to use for online student feedback. The OFS aims to offer a comprehensive feedback system that satisfies the requirements of both teachers and students.
Teachers and administrators can quickly create, examine, and give summaries and pages of teacher feedback using the OFS. The system is accessible to all college students and staff, and it allows students to rate their happiness with their professors.
One of the key benefits of the OFS is its efficacy. Using the online feedback system, students can quickly and easily provide feedback on their lecturers and courses. This provides the pupils more time while also allowing the school administration to assess the results more swiftly.
Additionally, the OFS offers feedback evaluation in accordance with specific requirements. This makes it possible to adapt the system to the particular needs of the school or college, ensuring that the feedback obtained is pertinent and helpful. Additionally, the system gives teachers the choice to receive student feedback that is anonymous, promoting open dialogue between educators and students.
The OFS's capability to provide efficient feedback analysis for both students and staff is another key feature. The system offers in-depth reports and analytics, giving teachers and administrators valuable insights into student satisfaction and areas for improvement. This data can be used to identify patterns and trends in student feedback, allowing schools and colleges to make data-driven decisions that enhance the teaching and learning experience.

CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH PORTAL: EXPLORING THE LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Rishabh Arora — 2023-12-31

Each and every student are in need of a guidance, information or knowledge but has to search different places for each of them but our platform provides and fulfil these needs of a student in one single website
“Cuvouge.in ” where student can interact in a form of short messages and blogs to share and receive information and knowledge regarding their specific
choices and has an overview what is happening around the campus. Our platform includes feature where user can register themselves and create a profile to come online and share their experiences, skills to others through tutorials or how-to-guide, student can also share prior announcement about function or any event being held by the university . This website takes student through a journey of understanding university management to educational research. The below report provides a detailed verview of the project.

REVOLUTIONIZING THE AUCTION EXPERIENCE: NEXT-GENERATION ONLINE AUCTION PLATFORMS

Ashwani kumar — 2023-12-31

The "Future Frontiers in Galactic Exploration GAME: The Solar System Game" represents an innovative educational tool crafted using C# Unity and spline for 3D modeling. This immersive game is designed to offer a dynamic and interactive learning experience for individuals of all ages, enabling them to embark on a captivating journey through the Solar System. Through the control of a virtual spaceship, players navigate the vastness of space, landing on each planet to gain insights into their distinctive features. The game showcases intricately detailed 3D models of each celestial body, incorporating accurate representations of size and distance from the sun. A notable highlight is the incorporation of sound clues, providing players with auditory cues that elucidate the unique characteristics of each planet when they explore specific features. This educational game not only engages users in a visually stunning exploration but also enriches their understanding of the Solar System through a multi-sensory experience.

FUTURE FRONTIERS IN GALACTIC EXPLORATION

Mrinalika Mrinalika — 2023-12-31